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Human A&P I test 2 > Chapter 6: Bone Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Bone Tissue Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

Bone

A

an organ made up of several different tissues

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2
Q

Functions of Bone

A
  • provide support
  • protect the internal organs
  • assist body movement
  • mineral homeostasis (stores & releases calcium + phosphorus)
  • participates in blood cell production (hemopoiesis)
  • stores triglycerides in adipose cells of yellow marrow
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3
Q

Long Bone

A

consists of diaphysis, 2 epiphyses, 2 metaphyses, articular cartilage, periosteum, medullary cavity, endosteum

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4
Q

diaphysis

A

bone shaft

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5
Q

epiphyses

A

both ends of the bone at the joints

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6
Q

periosteum

A

connective tissue surrounding the diaphysis

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7
Q

medullary cavity

A

hollow space within diaphysis

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8
Q

endosteum

A

thin membrane lining medullary cavity

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9
Q

what are the 4 types of cells found in bones?

A

osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

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10
Q

osteoprogenitor

A

bone stem cells able to differentiate into other types of cells

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11
Q

osteoblasts

A

bone building cells that secrete matrix

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12
Q

osteocytes

A

mature bone cells

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13
Q

osteoclasts

A

remodel bones and cause bones to release calcium

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14
Q

histology of bone

A

osetoprogenitor cells develop into an osteoblast –> osteoblast form bone extracellular matrix –> osteocytes maintain bone tissue –>osteoclasts functions in resorption, the breakdown of bone extracellular matrix

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15
Q

compact bone

A

good at providing protection and support

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16
Q

spongy bone

A

lightweight, and provides tissue support

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17
Q

periosteal arteries

A

accompanied by nerves; enter the diaphysis through the Volkmann’s canals. They are accompanied by periosteal veins

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18
Q

nutrient artery

A

enters the center of the diaphysis through a nutrient foramen

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19
Q

nutrient veins

A

exit through nutrient foramen

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20
Q

what do the metaphases and epiphyses have in common?

A

they have their own arteries and veins

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21
Q

ossification (osteogenesis)

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A

process of bone formation

22
Q

what 4 situations do bones form in?

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A

during embryological and fetal development, when bones grow before adulthood, when bones remodel, and when fractures heal

23
Q

intramembranous ossification

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A

occurs in flat bones when a connective tissue membrane is replaced by the bone

24
Q

endochondral ossification

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A

replaces cartilage with bones in the developing embryo and fetus; occurs in the epiphyseal plates of long bones as they grow in length

25
how do bones thicken?
cooperative action of osteoblasts and osteoclasts as osteoblasts deposit bone on the outer surface, osteoclasts widen the medullary cavity from within
26
fracture
break in the bone; healing process involves 3 different phases
27
reactive phase
early inflammation phase
28
reparative phase
formation of a fibrocartilaginous callus first, and then a bony callus
29
bone remodeling phase
last step as bony callus is remodeled
30
open (compound) fracture
broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin.
31
closed (simple) fracture
bone does not break the skin
32
comminuted fracture
bone is splintered, crushed, or broken into pieces at site of the impact, and smaller bone fragments lie between the two main fragments
33
greenstick fracture
partial fracture in which one side of the bone is broken and the other side bends, similar to the way a green twig breaks on one side while the other stays whole but bends; typically occur in children whose bones are not fully ossified
34
impacted fracture
one end of the fractured bone is forcefully driven into the interior of the other
35
pott fracture
fracture of the distal end of the lateral leg bone (fibula), with serious injury of the distal tibial articulation
36
colles fracture
fracture of the distal end of the lateral forearm bone (radius), in which the distal fragment is displaced posterioly
37
bone's role in calcium homeostasis
- bone stores 99% of the body's calcium - the parathyroid gland secrets the parathyroid hormone (PTH) when calcium levels drop too much & PTH stimulates the production of calcitriol in the kidneys to increase calcium absorption in the intestines
38
aging
- more bone is produced than lost during remodeling | - post menopausal women experience a decrease in bone mass when resorption outpaces deposition
39
calcium + phosphorus
make bone extracellular matrix hard
40
magnesium
helps bone form extracellular matrix
41
fluroide
helps strengthen extracellular matrix
42
manganese
activates enzymes involved in synthesis of bone extracellular matrix
43
vitamin a
- needed for activity of osteoblasts during remodeling of bone - deficiency stunts bone growth - toxic in high doses
44
vitamin c
- needed for synthesis of collagen | - deficiency causes low collagen production which slows bone growth and delays repair of broken bones
45
vitamin d
- active from calcitriol / produced by kidneys; helps build bone by increasing absorption of calcium from GI tract to blood - deficiency causes faulty calcification and slows down bone growth - may reduce risk of osteoporosis but is toxic in high doses
46
vitamin k and b12
- needed for synthesis of bone proteins | - deficiency leads to abnormal protein production in bone extracellular matrix and decreased bone density
47
growth hormone
secreted by anterior lobe of piutary gland; promotes general growth of all body tissues including bone, mainly by stimulating process of insulin like growth factors
48
insulin like growth factors
secreted by the liver, bones and other tissues on stimulation by growth hormones; promotes normal bone growth by stimulating osteoblasts and by increasing the synthesis of proteins needed to build new bone
49
thyroid hormone (T3 and T4)
secreted by thyroid gland; promotes normal bone growth by stimulating osetoblasts
50
sex hormones - estrogens and testosterone
secreted by ovaries in women and by testes in men; stimulate osteoblasts and sudden growth spurt that occurs in teenage years; shuts down the growth at epiphyseal plate around age 18-21 causing lengthwise growth of bones to stop
51
disorders include
osteoporosis, rickets, osteomalacia

Human A&P I test 2 (2 decks)

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