Chapter 6: Bones & Chapter 9: Articulation/Joints & Chapter 12: Flashcards
(119 cards)
1
Q
How many skeleton does an adult have?
A
206 Bones
2
Q
What is Axial Skeleton?
A
Long access of the body
-Has 80 bones
-Skully, thorax, and vertebral column
-Protect and support
3
Q
What is Appendicular Skeleton?
A
Bones of the upper and lower limbs
-Has 160 bones
-Limbs and girdles
-Leverage for movement
4
Q
What is Hematopoiesis?
A
The production of all the blood cells and occurs at the end of a long bone in the red bone area
-Mineral and fat storage
5
Q
What is Support?
A
Bones provide a framework that supports the body and cradles it’s soft organs
6
Q
What is Storage Of Minerals?
A
Bones are reserve for minimal storage with the most important being calcium
7
Q
What is Blood Cell Production?
A
Hematopoiesis which includes red and white cells
8
Q
What is Protection?
A
The bone protects organs and delicate tissue
9
Q
What is Leverage?
A
Skeletal muscles attached to bones by tendons use bones as levers to move the bones as leverage
10
Q
What is Long Bone?
A
Considerably longer than the they are wide and has a staff and 2 ends (Femur)
11
Q
What is Short Bone?
A
Generally cube shaped (Wrist and Ankle)
12
Q
What is Sesamoid Bone?
A
Special type of short bone that forms in a tendon (Patella-Kneecap)
13
Q
What is Flat Bone?
A
Thin, flattened, and usually a bit curved (Sternum-Breast Bone, Rib, Scapula, and some of Skull)
14
Q
What is Irregular Bone?
A
Have complicated shape (vertebra)
15
Q
What is Sutural Bone?
A
Bones that are only found in the skull
16
Q
What is Diaphysis?
A
Shaft of a long bone and forms the axis of the long bone
17
Q
What contains Yellow Bone Marrow (A type of fat)?
A
Inside the medullary cavity
18
Q
What is Epiphysis (Singular)?
A
Compact bone forms the anterior epiphysis and the interior contact spongy bone
19
Q
What is Epiphyses (Plural)?
A
The ends of long bone and the joint surface of each epiphysis is covered with a thin layer of articular cartilage
20
Q
What is Articular Cartilage?
A
Cushions the opposing bone ends during joint movement and absorbs stress (Sits in between bones)
21
Q
What is Epiphyseal Line?
A
Between the diaphysis and each epiphysis of an adult long bone
-A remnant of the epiphyseal plate
22
Q
What is Epiphyseal Plate?
A
A disc of hyaline cartilage that grows during childhood to lengthen the bone
23
Q
What is Metaphysis?
A
The region were the diaphysis and epiphysis meet
24
Q
What is Membranes?
A
Another structural feature of long bone
25
What is Periosteum?
The external surface of the entire bone except the join surfaces in covered by a white double layer membrane
26
What is Endosteum?
The internal bone surfaces are covered with a delicate connective tissue membrane
27
What are the Periosteum 2 layers?
-Osteoblast: A outer fibrous layer and a inner layer which consists primarily of bone forming cells
-Osteoclast: Bone destroying cells
28
What are the 2 bone layers?
-The external layer of bone is the compact bone
-The internal layer of bone is spongy bone
29
What is Compact Bone?
Looks dense and solid, a microscope reveals that it is bridled with passageways and these passageways serve as conduits for nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels
30
What is the structural unit of Compact Bone?
Either called the Osteon or Haversian system
31
Each Osteon has what?
An elongated cylinder oriented parallel to the long axis of the long bone
32
What is a Osteon?
A group of hollow tubes of bone matrix, one placed outside the next line the growth rings of a tree trunk
33
What runs through the middle of each Osteon?
The Central or Haversian Canal which contains small blood vessels and nerve fibers that server the need of the cell Osteon
34
What makes up Lamella (Singular)?
Concentric Rings that make up the Osteon
35
Each Lamella contains what?
Lacunae
36
What are Lacunae?
Structures that contain Exosites Sites
37
What is the second type of Canal?
Perforating Canal
38
What is Perforating Canal?
It lies at the right angles of the long axis of the bone and connect the blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to those in the Central Canal and the Medullary Cavity
39
What is a Fracture?
A crack or a break in a bone
40
Whether the bone penetrates the skin includes…
-Simple (Closed)- Bone breaks cleanly, but does not penetrates the skin
-Compound (Open)- Broken ends of bone penetrates through the tissue and skin
41
Orientation of the break includes…
-Transverse- Breaks occurs perpendicular to the long axis of a bone
-Linear- Breaks parallel to the long axis of the bone
42
Position of the bone ends after the fracture includes…
-Non placed- The bone ends retain their position
-Displaced- The bone end are out of normal alignment
43
What are Closed Fractures?
Skin is intact
44
What are Open Fractures?
Skin is broken
45
What are Transverse Fractures?
Straight across long axis
46
What are Spiral Fractures?
Twisting motion pulls bone segments apart
47
What are Comminuted Fractures?
Several breaks in one bone
48
What are Impacted Fractures?
One fragment is driven into another (Caused by compression)
49
What are Greenstick Fractures?
One side is broken
50
What are Oblique Fractures?
Occurs at angle not 90
51
Articulation and Joints are..
The sight of 2 or more bones meeting
52
What are the Joints 2 fundamentals?
-Gives our skeleton mobility and holds it together
53
What are Joints classified by?
-Structure
-Function
54
What does the structural classification focuses on?
The material binding the bones together and whether or not a joint cavity is present
55
Structurally there are what kind of Joints?
-Fibrous
-Cartilaginous
-Synovial Joints
56
What is functional classification based off?
The amount of movement allowed at that joint
57
What are the functional Joint types?
-Snarthroses
-Amphiarthroses
-Diarthroses
58
What is Synarthroses?
Immovable Joints
59
What is Amphiarthroses?
Slightly movable Joints
60
What is Diarthroses?
Freely movable Joints
61
What happens in the Fibrous Joints?
-The bones are joined by fibrous tissue
-No joint cavity present
-No movement
62
Whats the 3 types of Fibrous Joints?
-Sutures
-Syndesmoses
-Gomphoses
63
What are Sutures?
Occurs only in between bones in the skull
64
What causes Sutures to have no movement?
The wavy articulating bone edges which interlock
65
What makes Sutures protective?
Movement of the cranial bones which damages the brain, the immovable nature causes it to be protective
66
What are Syndesmoses?
The bones are connected by ligaments which is a care or bond of fibrous tissue
67
What are Gomphoses?
A peg in socket fibrous joint
-Example: The articulation a tooth with it’s socket
68
What are the 2 types of Cartilaginous Joints?
-Synchondroses
-Symphyses
-Has a little movement
69
What unites the bone at the Synostoses?
A bar or plate of hyaline cartilage
70
What joins in Synarthrotic?
Synostoses
71
Examples of Synchondroses:
-Are immovable joint between the costal cartilage and sacrum
-The epiphyseal plate connecting the diaphysis and the epiphysis regions in the long bone of children
-The articular surfaces of the bones are covered with articular cartilage (Hyaline Cartilage) which in term is fused to a intervening pad or plate
72
What is Symphyses?
-Joined by Fibrocartilage
-The pubic symphysis of the pelvis and the intervertebral discs
73
What are Articular bones separated by?
-Fluid joint cavities
-This arrangement prevents substantial freedom of movement and all synovial joints are freely movable diarthrosis
-This will include all joints of limbs
74
What are the Synovial Joints have 5 distinguish features?
-Articular cartilage
-Joint cavity
-Articular capsule
-Synovial fluid
-Reinforcing ligaments
75
What are Synovial Joints reinforced by?
A number of band which is meant to keep the bones together
76
What occupies all free spades within a Joint Capsule?
A small amount of slippery synovial fluid
77
What the importance of Synovial Fluid?
Provides weight bearing film that reduces friction between the cartilage
78
What does Synovial Fluid in a joint must do?
Circulate continuously to provide nutrients and waste disposal for the chondrocytes of the articular cartilage
79
What are chondrocytes?
The cells that make up cartilage and has a little mitotic activity
80
What’s the importance of Articular Cartilage?
Absorbing compression placed on the joints keeping the bone ends from being crushed
81
What’s a Joint Cavity?
A small space that contains synovial fluid
82
What does the Articular Capsule strengthens?
The joints so the bones are not pulled apart
83
Mobility in Joints
-The greatest range of motion results in weaker joint
-Synarthroses are strongest joints and have no movement
-Diarthrosis are the most mobile joints and the weakest
84
What is Extension?
Increases angle of limbs
85
What is Flexion?
Decreases angle of limbs
86
What is Circumduction?
Draws circles with limbs
87
What is Abduction?
Appendicular movement away from midline
88
What is Adduction?
Appendicular movement toward midline
89
What is Opposition?
Thumb to palmar surfaces
90
What is Protraction?
Anterior movement
91
What is Retraction?
Posterior movement
92
What is Inversion?
Turning sole inward
93
What is Eversion?
Turning sole outward
94
What is Depression?
Movement inferiorly
95
What is Elevation?
Movement Superiorly
96
What are Plane Joints?
The articular surfaces and instinctually flat and only allow short gliding movement
-Example: Intercarpal and Tarsal Bones
97
What are Condyloid Joints?
The oval articular surfaces of one bone fits into a complimentary depression in another
-Example: Between radius and carpals bone of wrist
98
What are Ball and Socket Joints?
The spherical end of one bone articulates with the cup like socket of another
-Example: Shoulder and Hip Joints
99
What are Pivot Joints?
The rounded end of one bone fits into a ring of another
Example: C1 and C2
100
What are Hinge Joints?
A cylindrical projection of one bone fits into a trough shaped surface of another
-Example: Elbow and Knee
101
What are Saddle Joints?
Resembles condyloid joints but allows greater freedom of movement
-Example: Between the trapezium carpal bone and the first metacarpal bone
102
What are Sprains?
Ligaments get twisted
103
What are Dislocations?
Articulating surfaces forced out of position
104
What are Bursitis?
Inflammation of the bursa
105
What are Tendonitis?
Inflammation of a synovial
106
What are Synovitis?
Inflammation of a synovial membrane
107
What is Arthritis caused by?
From aging or prolonged joint wear and tear
-Can cause erosion and loss of articular cartilage resulting in inflammation which gives joint sniffiness and pain
108
What is Rheumatoid Arthritis?
A chronic inflammatory disorder of the joints, it usually arises at the ages between 40-50 and affects 3 times women than men and classified as a autoimmune disorder
109
What are Autoimmune Disorder?
Occurs when the body’s immune system attacks it’s own tissues
110
What are Central Nervous System composed of?
Brain and spiral cord and is considered to be the seat of all mental activity
111
Functions of Central Nervous System
-Interprets sensor input
-Dictate motor responses
112
What are Peripheral Nervous System composed of?
Cranial and spinal nerve and these are the communication lines of the central nervous system and these rest of the body
113
How many divisions does the Peripheral Nervous System have?
2 divisions
114
What are sensory (Afferent)?
Conducts impulses from sensory receptors to the central nerve system
-Example: Deals with movement
115
What are Sensory Receptors?
All you will see are sensors
-Example: Skin, muscles, joints, and other organs
116
What are Motor (Efferent)?
Consists of motor neurons which conduct impulses from the nervous system to the effectors (CNS)
-Example: Muscle and glands
117
What is the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) divided into?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
118
What is Sympathetic Nervous System?
Mobilizes the body during emergencies
-Example: Fight or flight response
119
What is Parasympathetic Nervous System?
Conserves energy and promotes non-emergencies functions during resting and digesting
