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Bio 201 > Chapter 6 Cartilage and bone > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Cartilage and bone Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

Skeletal System

A

An organ system with tissues that grow and change throughout life. Including bones, Cartilage, Ligaments, and tendons.

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2
Q

Cartilage

A

A connective tissue that is weaker than bone but more stretchy and resilient. Mature/ old cartilage is avascular

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3
Q

What are the three types of cartilage

A

Hyaline Cartilage, Fibrocartilage, Elastic Cartilage

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4
Q

Functions of Cartilages

A

Supports soft tissues, Smooth surfaces where bones meet, reduces friction, Model for bone growth

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5
Q

Interstitial Growth

A

Growth within the cartilage

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6
Q

Appositional Growth

A

Growth along the outside of the cartilage

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7
Q

Mitosis

A

Cell division that results in two daughter cells.

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8
Q

How many tissue types do bones have

A

Four

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9
Q

What tissue is primarily in bones

A

Connective tissue

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10
Q

Functions of bone

A

The movement supports and protects, hemopoiesis, storage of energy, and minerals.

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11
Q

Long bones

A

Greater length than width

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12
Q

Short bones

A

Almost equal length and width

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13
Q

Flat bones

A

Thin surface

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14
Q

irregular bones

A

complex shapes

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15
Q

What is the shaft of the long bone called

A

Diaphysis

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16
Q

What is the bottom area of the long bone called

A

Distal Epiphysis

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17
Q

What is the top area of the long bone called

A

Proximal Epiphysis

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18
Q

The region between the Diaphysis and Epiphysis

A

Metaphysis

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19
Q

The cartilage that covers the Epiphysis

A

Articular/hyaline cartilage

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20
Q

The hollow inside of the diaphysis

A

Medullary cavity

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21
Q

Endosteum

A

The most internal surfaces of bones

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22
Q

Periosteum

A

Covers the external surfaces of bones

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23
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells

A

Stem cells are found in Endosteum and Periosteum

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24
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Form bone matrix

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25
Osteocytes
Maintains the matrix, detects mechanical stress on the bone
26
Osteoclasts
Large multicellular cells that dissolve bone matrix
27
Organic/living components of bone matrix
Cells, collagen, and ground substance
28
inorganic/nonliving component of bone matrix
Calcium
29
Compact bone
Solid and relatively dense, the external layers of long and flat bones
30
Spongy bone
Internal surface of bones.
31
Flat bones in the skull
Two layers of compact bones with a spongy bone in between
32
Osteon
The basic structural and functional unit of mature compact bone.
33
Central Canal
the center of the osteon and carries blood vessels and nerves
34
Canaliculi
Tiny connecting channels within the bone, Allows osteocytes to communicate
35
Perforating canals
Connects central canals, passageways for blood vessels and nerves
36
Concentric Lamellae
Rings around the central canal
37
Circumferential Lamellae
runs the entire circumference if the bone
38
Interstitial Lamellae
Leftover parts of the osteon that have been partially resorbed
39
Ossification
The formation and development of the bone
40
Intramembranous ossification
Produces flat bones of the skull, and some facial bones
41
Endochondral ossification
Begins with hyaline cartilage model, produces a majority of the bones in the body
42
Epiphyseal plate morphology
A layer of hyaline cartilage at the boundary of the epiphysis and diaphysis
43
Zones of the Epiphyseal plate
resting cartilage, proliferating cartilage, hypertrophic cartilage, calcified cartilage, and ossification.
44
Zone of resting Cartilage
Farthest from the medullary cavity and nearest to the epiphysis
45
Zone of proliferating Cartilage
Chondrocytes undergo rapid cell division
46
Zone of hypertrophic Cartilage
Chondrocytes cease dividing, cells become enlarged
47
Zone of Calcified Cartilage
Deposits minerals to kill Chondrocytes
48
Zone of ossification
Walls of the lacunae break down and forms channels that become invaded with capillaries
49
Interstitial growth
A long bones growth in length
50
Appositional growth
Growth in a bones diameter
51
Growth, Maintenance, and repair depend on
hormones, vitamins, Excercise
52
Growth Hormones
Liver stimulation to produce the hormone,which causes cartilage proliferation
53
Thyroid Hormones
Stimulates bone growth by a metabolic rate of osteoblasts.
54
Calcitonin
Promotes calcium decomposition in bone and inhibits osteoclast activity
55
Parathyroid hormone
Increases blood calcium levels
56
Sex hormones
Stimulates osteoblasts
57
Glucocorticoids
If levels are too high, bone resorption occurs and significant bone mass is lost
58
Vitamin A
activates osteoblasts
59
Vitamin C
Promotes production of osteoblasts
60
Vitamin D
Allows calcium to be absorbed
61
How long does it take for a fracture to heal
A few months or more ( depending on the fracture)
62
Step 1 of the fracture healing process
A fracture hematoma forms
63
Step 2 of the fracture healing process
A fibrocartilaginous callus forms
64
Step 3 of the fracture healing process
A bony callus forms
65
The final step of the fracture healing process
The bone is remodeled
66
What is a stress fracture
A tiny fracture resulting from overuse or repeated forces
67
Pathology fracture
Weakening of a bone caused by the disease process
68
Trauma fracture
fracture due to impact or increased tension
69
Colles fracture
Fracture of the distal end of the radius
70
Pott fracture
Fracture at the distal of the fibula at the end of the tibia
71
Avulsion
Bone is broken by the pull of tendons and ligaments
72
Complete
Bone is broken into two or more pieces
73
Compression
Bone is squashed
74
Depressed
The broken part of the bone forms a concave
75
Epiphyseal
The epiphysis is separated from the diaphysis
76
Greenstick
Partial fracture
77
Simple
closed, the bone does not break through the skin
78
Compound
open, broken ends of the bone protruding from the skin
79
What two ways does bone change during aging
Loses the ability to produce organic matrix, and loses calcium and other materials
80
Osteoporosis
decrease in bone mass, increase chances in fractures

Bio 201 (4 decks)

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