Chapter 6- Chemical Bonding

Question 1

Define chemical bond

Answer 1

The force that holds two atoms together

Question 2

What are valence electrons

Answer 2

Outermost electrons

Question 3

What is the octet rule

Answer 3

Atoms will gain, lose, or share electrons to have eight valence electrons

Question 4

Which orbitals do the valence electrons correspond to

Answer 4

S and p

Question 5

How does a positive ion form

Answer 5

When an atom loses one or more valence electrons

Question 6

What is another name for a positively charged ion

Answer 6

Cation

Question 7

How does a negative ion form

Answer 7

When an atom gains one or more valence electrons

Question 8

What is another name for a negatively charged ion

Answer 8

Anion

Question 9

Define covalent bond

Answer 9

A bond formed by the sharing of valence electrons between atoms

Question 10

What is the difference between a polar and a nonpolar covalent bond

Answer 10

A polar convenient bond has unequal sharing of electrons

A nonpolar covalent bond has equal sharing of electrons

Question 11

Define ionic bond

Answer 11

The electrostatic force that holds oppositely charged atoms together

Question 12

What are ionic compounds usually called

Answer 12

Salts

Question 13

What are ionic compounds calls if they are made up of a metal and oxygen

Answer 13

Oxides

Question 14

Define crystal

Answer 14

The repeating pattern structure of an ionic compound

Question 15

Describe the physical properties of crystals

Answer 15

Melting point- high
Boiling point- high
Conductivity is poor when solid but good when dissolved in water

Question 16

Define electrolyte

Answer 16

An ionic compound dissolved in water that conducts electricity.

Question 17

Define the electron sea model

Answer 17

All metal atoms in a solid metal contribute their valence electrons to form a sea of electrons

Question 18

Define metallic bond

Answer 18

The attraction of a metal cation to delocalized electrons

Question 19

Define an alloy

Answer 19

A mixture of elements that has metallic properties

Question 20

Give two examples of alloys and indicate what elements they contain

Answer 20

Steel- iron carbon nickel

Brass- copper zinc

Question 21

What’s the difference between a trigonal planar molecular shape and a trigonal pyramidal molecular shape

Answer 21

A trigonal planar has 0 lone pairs around the central atom while a trigonal pyramidal has 1.

Question 22

Define orbital hybridization

Answer 22

Two or more orbitals of similar energies combine to make hybrid orbitals of equal energy

Question 23

What is the name of the hybridized orbital formed by carbon in the molecule methane

Answer 23

sp³

Question 24

What is a dipole why do they form

Answer 24

Is slight positive and negative charges on opposite ends of molecule electrons are shared unequally

Question 25

Define dipole-dipole force

Answer 25

A force of attraction between polar molecules.

Question 26

Can a polar mulcule include a dipole in a nonpolar molecule

Answer 26

Yes

Question 27

Define hydrogen bond

Answer 27

Force of attraction between a hydrogen atom and an unshared pair of electrons from a nearby molecule

Question 28

Which elements must hydrogen be bound to in order for it to participate in hydrogen bonding

Answer 28

Highly electronegative (F, O, or N)

Question 29

What are london dispersion forces

Answer 29

Constant motion of electrons in an atom or molecule that can result in momentary, uneven change

Question 30

How strong are london dispersion forces compared to dipole-dipole forces and hydrogen bonds

Answer 30

Weaker

Question 31

Give 2 examples of substances that, by themselves, only experience london dispersion forces as intermolecular forces

Answer 31

Noble gas atoms Nonpolar molecules