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CHAPTER 6 (cognito Mindmaps) Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

What makes diffusion fast?

A

Large SA:V ratio

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2
Q

What makes diffusion slow?

A

Small SA:V

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3
Q

Smaller organisms do they have a large or small SA:V

A

Higher SA:V

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4
Q

Do larger organisms have a smaller SA:V or larger SA:V

A

Smaller SA:V

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5
Q

How to calculate SA

A

SA= length x width x 6 (cube)

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6
Q

How to calculate volume of a cube

A

Length x width x depth

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7
Q

How do singled celled organisms get nutrients, gases etc….

A

Diffusion across the cell membrane

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8
Q

Why cant multicellular organisms get nutrients and gases etc same way as single celled?

A

Cells not indirect contact with external environment

Diffusion distance is large

Larger organisms= higher metabolic rate so need more oxygen and glucose

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9
Q

List the four features for exchange surfaces

A

Large SA
Thin walls
Good blood supply
Selectively permeable plasma membranes (control exchange)

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10
Q

Role of insect gas exchange

A

Deliver O2 to cells and remove CO2 from cells
Tough external skeleton prevents direct diffusion

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11
Q

List three important structures in insect gas exchange

A

Tracheae (air filled tubes)

Tracheoles (fine branches deliver gases to cells)

Spiracles (external opening)

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12
Q

Adaptations of tracheae

A

Chitin (prevent collapse)
Multiple tracheae
Increase SA

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13
Q

Adaptations of tracheoles

A

Thin walls
Branches
Penetrate tissues
Fluid at ends of tracheoles

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14
Q

Adaptations spiracles

A

Open and close, control water loss

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15
Q

List insect gas exchange (1-6)

A

Air enters via spiracles
Air moves into larger tracheae and diffuse into tracheoles
Tracheoles branch throughout the body (air to cells)
O2 dissolves into water in fluid down conc gradient into cells
CO2 down conc gradient out of body into tracheoles
Air diffuses back to spiracles and released from body

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16
Q

How is a concentration gradient maintained in insect gas exchange

A

Cells use O2 in respiration
Cells producing CO2
Continuous ventilation

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17
Q

What is mechanic active ventilation?

A

Muscles around trachea relax and contract

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18
Q

Tracheal fluid role?

A

Moves out tissues in exercise increasing SA and diffusion rate

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19
Q

Enlarged collapsible tracheae or accessory sacs

A

(Inflate and deflate)

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20
Q

Wing muscles sacs

A

Pump air to ventilate the tracheal system

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21
Q

Vibration of thoracic muscles

A

Pump air to ventilate the tracheal system

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22
Q

Role of lactate in insect gas exchange

A

Reduced water potential in tracheal fluid so water leaves tracheoles. Higher SA exposed for gas exchange

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23
Q

Structure of gas exchange in fish

A

Gills covered by operculum flap

Gils consist of stacked filaments containing lamellae

Lamellae surrounded by extensive blood vesicles

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24
Q

Adaptations of fish exchange surface

A

Large SA
THIN MEMBRAINES
Rich blood supply

Counter current flow= conc gradient into cells

Filaments overlap resistance to water. Slowing water over gills for more diffusion

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25
Explain counter current flow (1-4)
Water containing oxygen enters fish via mouth and passes out via gills Blood flows in opposite direction to water (counter current) This maintains a steep/ large concentration gradient between water and blood Concentration of oxygen always higher in water than blood. So as much O2 diffused into blood
26
27
List two adaptations which limits water loss in plants
Waterproof waxy cuticle Guard cells close stomata when needed
28
What are Xerophytes
Plants adapted to living in dry environments with limited water availability
29
List 6 adaptations of xerophytes
Waxy cuticle- limit evaporation Rolling and folding of leaves- enclose stomata Hairs on leaves (trap moist air) Small needle leaves Sunken stomata in pits Water storage organs
30
List the typical leaf structure top to bottom (6)
Upper epidermis + waxy cuticle Air spaces Mesophyll cells Stomata- guard cells Lower epidermis Vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)
31
Role of air spaces
Network of gases to quickly diffuse in and out of leaf
32
Role of mesophyll cells
Dispersed through leaf providing large SA
33
Role of stomata
Open and close when needed (guard cells)
34
Air pathway in humans
Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli
35
What are goblet cells ~(ciliated epithelium)
Produce and secrete mucus that traps dust and microbes
36
Role of cilia on cilliated epithelial cells
Warft mucus upwards to mouth to be swallowed
37
Adaptations of the tracheae
Rings of cartilage Smooth muscle can relax or contract Elastic tissue (stretch and recoil) Lined with cilliated epithelial cells
38
Bronchi adaptations
Rings of cartilage Smooth muscles can contract or relax Elastic tissue (stretch and recoil) Lined with ciliated epiltelial cells
39
Broncioles adaptations
No cartilage- change shape Smooth muscle Elastic tissue Simple squamous epithelium
40
List the three blood vesicles associated with gas exchange, lungs
Plulomary artery Pulmonary vein Pulmonary capillaries
41
List 8 adaptations of alveoli
Elastic fibres One layer thick squamous cells Large SA Partially permeable Surrounded by capillaries Ventilation of air Collagen Moist
42
List the 5 steps in inspiration (is it active or not)
External intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract Ribcage moves upwards and outwards, diaphragm flattens increasing thoracic cavity Lung pressure decreases below atmospheric pressure Air flows into lungs down conc gradient Active process- requires energy for muscle contraction
43
List the 4 steps in expiration (is it active)
External intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax Ribs move down and inwards, diaphragm becomes curved Thoratic cavity volume decreases, air pressure above atmospheric pressure Air forced out lungs down a concentration gradient (Passive process)(forced expiration is not passive btw)
44
What is physical digestion?
Breakdown of large food pieces into smaller ones. Increasing SA for chemical digestion
45
What is chemical digestion
Enzymes catalase hydrolysis of food
46
Structure of digestive system (7)
Mouth Osophegous Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Rectum Anus
47
Salivary glands contain
Salivary amylase
48
Osophogous role
Food to the stomach
49
Stomach role
Digest (especially proteins) acid to kill pathogens as well
50
Liver role
Bile salts- lipid digestion
51
Pancreas role
Pancreatic juice- enzymes
52
Small intestine role
Ileum- digest and absorb
53
Large intestine role
Absorb water and stores waste
54
Rectum role
Faceses
55
List 3 digestive enzyme categorise
Lipases, protease, carbohydrases
56
Enzyme that digests sucrose
Sucrase
57
Enzyme that digests lactose
Lactase
58
List 4 steps in digesting starch
Amylase- starch to maltose Acid in stomach denatures amylase Pancreatic amylase digests starch Small intestines- produce alpha glucose
59
Where are carbohydrases produced?
Salivary glands Pancreas Epithelial cells (ileum;)
60
What are membrane bounded disaccharides
Eg. Maltese Bound to membrane
61
Where are lipases produced
Pancreas and act in the small intestine
62
Role of lipases
Breakdown lipids into fatty acids and monoglycerides
63
List two steps in lipid digestion
Bile salts emulsify lipids into micelles (increase SA) Pancreatic lipase (micelles to fatty acids and monoglycerides)
64
Where are proteases produced
By stomach Others produced by pancreas etc..
65
Role of peptidases
Breakdown proteins, polypeptides, dipeptides into smaller units. Eventually amino acids
66
What are endopeptidases
Hydrolyse internal peptide bonds in middle of protein form shorter polypeptides. Increase ends for proteases to work on
67
What are exopeptidases
Hydrolyse peptide bonds at ends of polypeptides remove terminal amino acids.
68
What are dipeptidases
Break down any remaining dipeptidases into amino acids
69
What is the final part of the small intestine adapted to do?
Absorb digested food
70
List 5 adaptations of the ileum
Finger like villi- increase SA Epithelial cells- microvilli increase SA Thin walls Capillary network Muscles- contract for mixing
71
List 4 steps of amino acid/ monosaccharide absorbtion (co transport)
Na+ actively transported out of the ileum Na+ conc gradient between ileum lumen and epithelial cells Na+ co transported with amino acid or monosaccharide from lumen to epithelial cell Amino acids and monosaccharides move via facilitated diffusion from epithelial cells to blood.
72
Describe triglyceride absorbtion (6)
Micelles broken down release fatty acids and monoglycerides Both non polar so they both diffuse into epithelial cells Triglycerides reform in endoplasmic recticulim Triglycerides packaged into Chylomicrons- for transport Chylomicrons are released from epithelial cells by exocytosis into lacteals which are lymphatic vesicles in villi Chylomicrons are transported via lymph vessels in lymphatic system to the blood

Biology (14 decks)

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