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Geography of China > Chapter 6: Demographic Changes and Challenges > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Demographic Changes and Challenges Flashcards

1
Q

The population density in China is ________

A

153 per km²

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2
Q

What percentage of the population is urban?

A

61%

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3
Q

What is the median age?

A

38.4 years

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4
Q

What is the yearly growth rate? (%)

A

0.46

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5
Q

Population Concentrations: Primary Regions

A
  1. North China Plain
  2. Middle and Lower Yangtze
  3. Sichuan Basin
  4. Pearl River Basin and Delta
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6
Q

North China Plain (6)

A

Beijing, Tianjian, Heibei, Shandong, Henan, Southern Liaoning

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7
Q

Middle and Lower Yangtze (7)

A

Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai

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8
Q

Sichuan Basin (2)

A

Sichuan, Chongqing

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9
Q

Pearl River Basin and Delta (4)

A

Guangdong, Guangxi, Hong Kong, Macao

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10
Q

Population Concentrations: Secondary Regions

A
  1. Songliao Plain
  2. South and Southwest
  3. Hexi Corridor
  4. Non-Han Areas
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11
Q

Songliao Plain (3)

A

Remainder of Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang

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12
Q

South and Southwest

A

Rugged uplands of the southern provinces

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13
Q

Hexi Corridor (4)

A

Gansu, Xinjiang and Tibet oases, Inner Mongolia, Qinghai

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14
Q

Non-Han Areas (3)

A

oases of Xingjiang, Qinghai, Xizang

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15
Q

When was the One Child Policy launched?

A

1981 when the population reached 1 billion

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16
Q

Explain the initial and revised goal of the One Child Policy

A

Initial Goal: stabilize China’s population at 1.2 billion

Revised Goal: Keep China’s population under 1.4 billion until 2010

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17
Q

Population expected to stabilize around ___ billion by ____.

A

1.6, 2050

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18
Q

Family Planning: Urban Areas include:

A
  • small sized apartments
  • improving one’s status and level of consumption
  • easier control from the government
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19
Q

Family Planning: Rural Areas

A
  • families want more children to work the family plots and sustain parents when they get old
  • want sons who will continue the family line and provide ritual sacrifices to their ancestors after they die
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20
Q

Family Planning: Fluctuations of Fertility (4)

A
  • fertility has declined substantially before the OCP
  • reached a low in 1984
  • increased from the mid 1980s to the early 1990s
  • sizeable age cohort entering their reproductive years
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21
Q

How many children per couple were allowed in rural areas in 1986?

A

2

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22
Q

In 1995, restrictions was lifted for ______ areas

A

urban

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23
Q

Family Planning: Imbalanced Sex Ratio (5)

A
  • male children are more valued
  • 120 boys for 100 girls (national average)
  • abandon or abortion of females: 11 million abortions/year; 1 out of 2 live births
  • “missing female population” as girls are not declared
  • only 1% of females are unmarried by the age of 30
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24
Q

Family Planning: Government’s Response (5)

A
  • well aware of the situation but limited range of options
  • laws giving girls and women equal rights with males
  • Propaganda and consciousness-raising slogans about the equal value and contributions of females and males
  • Laws outlawing infanticide, prenatal sex identification and sex-selective abortion
  • Policies in most provinces allowing rural couples
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25
Q

Currently, how many children are all Chinese couples allowed to have?

A

3

26
Q

Over the past three decades, what has China’s demographic landscape experienced?

A
  1. Changing family structures
  2. Growing Aging Population
  3. Increasing ethnic diversity
27
Q

Dynamic internal migration and changing patterns of spatial population distribution have driven ___________ and increased ___________

A

urban sprawl, coastal population density

28
Q

What percentage of the world’s population lives within the borders of the People’s Republic of China?

A

18.6%

29
Q

How many ethnic groups are found in China

A

56

30
Q

What are the 5 Provincial level autonomous regions?

A

Tibet, Guangxi Zhuang, Ningxia Hui, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang Uygur

31
Q

Where are most ethnic minorities concentrated in?

A

West regions

32
Q

What is the household registration (hukou) system

A
  • to clearly delineate the population into agricultural and nonagricultural residents based on location, employment and birth
33
Q

Due to the increased _______ of the population after the Chinese market reform, the hukou system became ______ reliable as a source of population information

A

mobility, less

34
Q

What period did the most rapid growth take place? What was the population?

A

1657-1848, as low as 70 million to 427 million

35
Q

The Vast majority of the Chinese people are concentrated in the ________ half go the country

A

eastern

36
Q

Which regions have especially dense populations?

A

The North China Plain, the middle and lower Chang Jiang, the Sichuan Basin and Pearl River Basins and Delta

37
Q

Which rivers facilitated the movement of people and goods?

A

The Chang Jiang, Zhu Jiang, Xi Jiang

38
Q

The information collected on the 1953 census (first census) :

A
  • the address of each Chinese household
  • the name
  • age
  • sex
  • ethnicity
  • relationship to the head of the household
39
Q

Where has substantially higher birth rates in China?

A

western and interior provinces than in east coast provinces because the family planning policy did not apply to minorities

40
Q

What is demographic transition?

A

a pattern that has been observed in many countries undergoing industrial development, consisting of 3 stages

41
Q

What are the three stages of demographic transition?

A
  1. The first stage is characterized by relatively high birth rates
  2. Is a period of rapid population growth resulting from declining death rats and continued high birth rates
  3. both birth and death rates are relatively low
42
Q

China’s population

A
43
Q

Based on the Marxist notion of surplus labour value, Chairman Mao Zedong believed that a ________ population would ________ production

A

large, increase

44
Q

In 1971, how did the nation lower the fertility rate?

A
  • all newly married couples were required to practice birth control
45
Q

When was the one-child policy put into effect?

A

January 1979 - 2015

46
Q

Explain the One-Child policy.

A
  • honour certificates were issued to coupes who pledged to have no more than one child
  • economic benefits such as receiving free full medical coverage for the child and a “monthly one-child bonus” which amounted to an average worker’s monthly income
  • single child families enjoyed priority in housing allocation and received the same amount of living space as families with two or more children (incentives were cancelled if a second child was born)
47
Q

When did the Chinese government decide to end its one-child policy?

A

October 29, 2015

48
Q

What is the elder dependency ratio?

A

the population aged 65+ divided by the population aged 15-64

49
Q

What is the youth dependency ratio?

A

the population aged 0-14 divided by the population aged 15-64

50
Q

When did Chinese education grow significantly?

A

1990

51
Q

Adult literacy has improved dramatically since the founding of the PRC, increasing from about ____ percent to more than _____ percent today.

A

25%, 94%

52
Q

How is literacy defined in China?

A

For people aged 12 +

- ability to read and write 1,500 to 2,000 ideographs or characters

53
Q

Was there a higher percentage of male or female enrolled in educational institutions?

A

Female

54
Q

What is the Confucian canon?

A
  • formed the basis of China’s official culture and influenced its value system from the fourth century BC
  • provided an ideological justification for women’s inferior role
55
Q

What does “Women hold up half the sky” mean? Who is this said by?

A
  • popularized in the Cultural Revolution
  • to show the party chairman’s support for women’s full equality
  • Mao Zedong
56
Q

Where has higher sex ratios and why?

A
  • in South and southwest regions including Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Fujian, Zhejiang, Tianjin and Qinghai
  • these regions are mostly undergoing rapid industrialization and urbanization, and therefore attract many young people (especially young men as workers)
57
Q

Why might it be difficult for high sex ratios in these regions?

A

makes it difficult for men who wish to marry to find partners locally

58
Q

What is China’s economy more reliant on now than before?

A
  • before: heavily on agriculture

- now: manufacturing and the service industry

59
Q

Employment in the agricultural sector has decreased from ____% in 1952 to ____% in 2019

A

84%, 25.1%

60
Q

Where has higher percentage of employment in the manufacturing and service sectors?

A

east

61
Q

What is China’s State Councils new regulations?

A
  • giving rural migrants the legal right to work in cities

- providing a process through which they might establish official residence in the urban areas where they work

62
Q

What is China’s greatest resource?

A

China’s people

Geography of China (4 decks)

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