Chapter 6: DNA and Gene Expression

Question 1

Why is DNA so valuable?

Answer 1

because all organisims carry DNA in almost every cell in their body, and every person’s DNA is unique

Question 2

who discovered DNA structure?

Answer 2

James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953

Question 3

the double helix is held together by

Answer 3

hydrogen bonds

Question 4

_ to _ at ends: _ to _ at top of DNA strands

Answer 4

3,5: 5,3

Question 5

DNA contains the genetic information that carries

Answer 5

the detailed information required to build an organism and keep it running

Question 6

the central dogma information in a cell flows from

Answer 6

DNA to RNA to Proteins

Question 7

genome

Answer 7

a organisms complete set of DNA

Question 8

chromosome

Answer 8

linear or circular pice of DNA with specific base pair sequence that contains many genes

Question 9

gene

Answer 9

sequences of nucleotides on a chromosome that carries information for a protein or RNA, also code for different forms

Question 10

alleles

Answer 10

code for the same trait, any characteristic or feature of an organism such as a flower color, eye color, height

Question 11

noncoding DNA

Answer 11

DNA that does not code for proteins

Question 12

How do genes work?

Answer 12

genes are the storehouse of information with 2 step process of transcription and translation

Question 13

transcription

Answer 13

gene sequence copied from DNA to go between molecule call mRNA

Question 14

translation

Answer 14

gene sequence is now encoded in mRNA that directs production of a protein

Question 15

what is the difference between DNA and RNA?

Answer 15

DNA is double-stranded and contains sugar deoxyribose while RNA is signal stranded and contains ribose

Question 16

base in DNA adnine (A) goes to

Answer 16

base in RNA uracil (U)

Question 17

Base in DNA Thymine (T)

Answer 17

based in RNA Adenine (A)

Question 18

Base is DNA Cytosine (C)

Answer 18

base in Guanine (G)

Question 19

Base in DNA Guanine (G)

Answer 19

base in RNA Cytosine (C)

Question 20

Types of RNA

Answer 20

messenger RNA, Transfer RNA, Ribosomoal RNA

Question 21

messenger RNA

Answer 21

template for protein synthesis, end product of transcription

Question 22

transfer RNA

Answer 22

translates the mRNA sequence

Question 23

Ribosomoal RNA

Answer 23

Part of the ribosome, workbench for protein synthesis

Question 24

Transciption

Answer 24

syenthesis of RNA copy of a gene sequence

Question 25

the transcription 4 step process is

Answer 25

recognize and bind, transcribe, terminate, and cap and edit

Question 26

recognize and bind

Answer 26

RNA polymerase recognizes a DNA sequence called the promoter and tells RNA to "start here"

Question 27

transcribe

Answer 27

RNA polymerase builds a copy of the gene from the DNA molecule

Question 28

termination

Answer 28

RNA polymerase recognizes a termination signal, recognized as a place to stop

Question 29

cap and edit

Answer 29

in eukaryotes, mRNAs receive extra processing before they can be translated into protein

Question 30

translation

Answer 30

RNA sequence translated into an amino acid sequence, requires mRNA, a ribosome, tRNAs

Question 31

the genetic code

Answer 31

20 different amino acids used to build proteins, 4 nucleotides to code for these amnio acids

Question 32

how many codons are there?

Answer 32

64

Question 33

mRNA is read in groups of

Answer 33

3 nucleotides

Question 34

tRNA

Answer 34

translates the mRNA

Question 35

anti-codon

Answer 35

3 base sequence that matches up with a three-base sequence on the mRNA

Question 36

start codon (AUG) marks the starting point for translation and codes for

Answer 36

methionine while also setting up the reading frame

Question 37

termination occurs when

Answer 37

ribosome reaches a stop codon (UAG, UAA, OR UGA)

Question 38

translation-initiation

Answer 38

methionine tRNA binds to starting AUG, large ribosomal subunit joins the complex

Question 39

translation-elongation

Answer 39

the next 3 bases of the mRNA specify which tRNA molecule should bind to the mRNA, ribosome now slides one codon down the mRNA

Question 40

Translation-Termination

Answer 40

when ribosome reaches a stop codon a release factor binds instead of an amino acid

Question 41

mutations

Answer 41

alterations in the base-pair sequence of an individuals DNA

Question 42

mutations in non-sex cells are

Answer 42

somatic and not passed on along to the next generation

Question 43

mutations in sex-cells (gamets) have

Answer 43

no adverse effects on the individual carrying them, can be passed on to the next generation

Question 44

two major types of changes to DNA may occur in

Answer 44

point mutations and chromosomal aberrations

Question 45

point mutations

Answer 45

only on nucleotide is changed and is changes with a single base pair

Question 46

chromosomal aberrations

Answer 46

alteration of entire sections of a chromosome and includes removal of genes and duplication of genes