Chapter 6: Energy

Question 1

Redox reaction (including oxidation, oxidized, reduction, reduced):

Answer 1

Carbons of Glucose are oxidized to CO2 a loss of electrons. O2 is reduced to 2 H2O a gain of electrons.

Question 2

Combustion

Answer 2

A reaction that occurs when a substance reacts with oxygen, releasing energy in the form of heat and light

Question 3

Electron Carrier

Answer 3

Moves electrons from ones place to another (NADH)

Question 4

NAD+

Answer 4

Needed for glycolysis to continue to make NADH

Question 5

NADH

Answer 5

An electron carrier which is produced through glycolysis. Is made from pyruvate.

Question 6

Intermembrane Space

Answer 6

In the ETC H+ ions are moved here from the matrix. A part of the mitochondrion.

Question 7

Matrix

Answer 7

Where pyruvate is broken down and the Krebs cycle takes place. A part of the mitochondrion.

Question 8

Glycolysis

Answer 8

6 Carbon Glucose is broken down to two 3 Carbon Pyruvate molecules. This produces 2 ATP and NADH. This takes place in the cytosol. By the end of glycoslysis the 2 ATP investment is recouped and 2 more ATP are obtained along with 2 molecules of NADH and 2 Pyruvate.

Question 9

Substrate-level phosphorylation

Answer 9

The production of ATP by phosphate transfer from substrate to ADP (how glycolysis makes ATP).

Question 10

Citric Acid Cycle (Kreb’s Cycle)

Answer 10

Per Acetyl-CoA: 2 CO2 is released, 3 NADH produced, 1 FADH2 produced, and 1 ATP produced. Takes place in the Mitochondria Matrix.

Question 11

Coenzyme A

Answer 11

Attaches to 2 Carbons to produce acetyl-coenzyme A which is used in the Citric acid cycle.

Question 12

FAD

Answer 12

This binds with an H+ ion to make FADH2.

Question 13

FADH2

Answer 13

This is produced during the citric acid cycle.

Question 14

What happens during Electron Transport?

Answer 14

Whilst transporting electrons energy is oven off (exergonic).

Question 15

Cytochrome complex

Answer 15

A protein complex in which at least one of the proteins is a cytochrome.

Question 16

ATP synthase

Answer 16

Uses 3H+ to make 1ATP from ADP. The energy comes from the concentration gradient. The potential energy of he concentration gradient is converted to chemical energy of ATP.

Question 17

When is Oxidative phosphorylation (oxygen debt) used?

Answer 17

Used under low-demand exercise when enough oxygen reaches the muscle mitochondria.

Question 18

Chemiosmosis

Answer 18

The movement of ions across a selectively permeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient. More specifically, it relates to the generation of ATP by the movement of hydrogen ions across a membrane during cellular respiration or photosynthesis.

Question 19

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Answer 19

During Anaerobic respiration, muscle O2 depletion leads to Lactic Acid production. Again only 2 ATP are produced, no CO2 release. Occurs in muscle tissue, also in making cheese and yogurt.

Question 20

Alcoholic Fermentation

Answer 20

In the absence of O2 Yeast Ferment Glucose into Ethanol. However only 2 ATP are produced because the
Electron Transport Chain is blocked.

Question 21

Anerobic Respiration

Answer 21

Muscle O2 depletion leads to Lactic Acid production.

Question 22

Bioenergetics

Answer 22

The application of thermodynamic principles to organisms and biological systems.

Question 23

Investment Phase

Answer 23

ATP is invested to make Glucose more energetic