Chapter 6-evolution

Question 1

Naturalist

Answer 1

Student of natural history, including the forms and classifications of organisms

Question 2

Evolution

Answer 2

Processes successive generations of individual as change over very long periods of time

Question 3

Evolution by natural selection

Answer 3

Darwinian theory that evolution proceeds by differential success in reproduction

Question 4

Adaptation

Answer 4

Trait that increases the probability that an individual will leave offspring in future generations

Question 5

Sexual selection

Answer 5

A form f evolution through natural selection in which members of one sex favor specific heritable traits in the other sex when choosing partner

Question 6

Genetics

Answer 6

Study of inheritance, including the genes encoded in DNA

Question 7

Mutation

Answer 7

Change n the nucleotide sequence of a gene as a result of unfaithful replication

Question 8

Chromosome

Answer 8

Complex condensed strands ofDNA and associated protein molecules
Found in nucleus

Question 9

Gene

Answer 9

Length of DNA that encodes the information for constructing a particular protien

Question 10

Directional selection

Answer 10

Selection that favors a shift in a characteristic within a population

Question 11

Stabilizing selection

Answer 11

selection that favors reduced variation is characteristic within a population

Question 12

Disruptive selection

Answer 12

favors a divergence in a characteristic within a population

Question 13

Convergent evolution

Answer 13

Evolutionary processes by which response to similar ecological features bring about similarities in behavior or structure among animals that are only distinct languages related (different genetic heritage)

Question 14

Homoplasy

Answer 14

Physical resemblance between physical or behavioral characteristics due to convergent evolution, similar body form o dolphin and tuna

Question 15

Homology

Answer 15

Physical resemblance based on common ancestor, forelimb structures in different mammals

Question 16

Analogy

Answer 16

Similarity in function, with differs structures. Human hand and elephant trunk

Question 17

Genus

Answer 17

A group of species that resemble each other due to shared inheritance

Question 18

Species

Answer 18

A group of individuals that can readily interbreed to produce fertile offspring

Question 19

Phylogeny

Answer 19

History of a particular group of organisms

Question 20

Taxonomy

Answer 20

Classification of organisms

Question 21

Ecological niche

Answer 21

Unique assortment of environmental opportunities and challenges to which each organism has adapted

Question 22

Endocast

Answer 22

Cast of the cranial cavity of the skull

-useful for studying fossils of extinct species

Question 23

Cortex

Answer 23

(Neocortex) outer covering of the cerebral hemispheres that consists largely of nerve cell bodies and their branches

Question 24

Encephalization factor

Answer 24

Measure of brain size relative to body size

-as the the body weight increases, typically the brain weight does too.

Question 25

Hominin

Answer 25

Subgroup of hominidae that contains modern humans and their ancestral species

Question 26

Australopithecine

Answer 26

(Australopithecus) a primate genus, only known fossil record and thought to be ancestor of humans

Question 27

Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)

Answer 27

Variation in a single base pair within a longer DNA sequence, such as a gene

Question 28

Allele

Answer 28

Any particular version of a gene

Question 29

Darwin’s 4 observations

Answer 29

1. Reproduction will tend to increase a population rapidly unless factors limit it 2. Individuals of a given species are not identical 3. Some of the variation among individuals is inherited 4. Not all the off spring of a given generation survive to reproduce

Question 30

Linnaean classification

Answer 30

``` Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Domain ```

Question 31

6 reasons we study other species

Answer 31

1. Outstanding features: linked to highly specialized neuron structures. Study species may yield general principles that apply to other species 2. Convenience: breed easy (rats) 3. Comparison: test hypothesis between similar species. Brain or eye differences 4. Preservation: rare or endangered species can help set priorities and options for conservation 5. Economic importance: studying animals for the economy- agricultural animals, or food, predators and crop-damaging species- can help give information to help increase production/ decrease losses 6. Treatment of disease: some species are subject to same disease as others. Therefore valuable for investigation 7. Curiosity and the advancement of knowledge:p

Question 32

Learning during evolution:

Answer 32

- important to adapt, in order to find food or avoid danger - strong correlation between repertoire size andHVC - brain size and structure difference can be due to behavioral adaptations - novel or strategic food-seeking behavior is correlated to a larger brain - animals who depend on hearing, vision, or memory for their food develop larger related brain structures

Question 33

Brain and neural similarities between similarities?

Answer 33

Share same basic cortical regions, but differ in size and placement (based on how they live)

Question 34

encephalization factor

Answer 34

measure of brain size relative to body size, relationship between brain weight and body weight