Chapter 6: Introduction to Autonomic Pharmacology

Question 1

A nerve ending that releases norepinephrine as the primary transmitter; also, a synapse in which norepinephrine is the primary transmitter

Answer 1

Adrenergic, noradrenergic

Question 2

A receptor that binds, and is activated by, one of the catecholamine transmitters or hormones (norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine) and related drugs

Answer 2

Adrenoceptor, adrenergic receptor

Question 3

The homeostatic mechanism that maintains a constant mean arterial blood pressure; the sensory limb originates in the baroreceptors of the carotid sinus and aortic arch; efferent pathways run in parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves to the heart and blood vessels

Answer 3

Baroreceptor reflex

Question 4

A nerve ending that releases acetylcholine; also, a synapse in which the primary transmitter is acetylcholine

Answer 4

Cholinergic

Question 5

A receptor that binds, and is activated by, acetylcholine and related drugs

Answer 5

Cholinoceptor, cholinergic receptor

Question 6

A nerve ending that releases dopamine as the primary transmitter; also a synapse in which dopamine is the primary transmitter

Answer 6

Dopaminergic

Question 7

A compensatory mechanism for maintaining a body function at a predetermined level, for example, the baroreceptor reflex for blood pressure control

Answer 7

Homeostatic reflex

Question 8

Nerve fibers associated with autonomic nerves that release any transmitter other than norepinephrine or acetylcholine

Answer 8

Nonadrenergic, noncholinergic (NANC) system

Question 9

The part of the autonomic nervous system that originates in the cranial nerves (and traditionally, the sacral part of the spinal cord); the craniosacral autonomic system.

Answer 9

Parasympathetic

Question 10

A receptor located on the distal side of a synapse, for example, on a postganglionic neuron or an autonomic effector cell

Answer 10

Postsynaptic receptor

Question 11

A receptor located on the nerve ending from which the transmitter is released into the synapse; modulates the release of transmitter

Answer 11

Presynaptic receptor

Question 12

The part of the autonomic nervous system that originates in the thoracic and lumbar parts of the spinal cord; the thoracolumbar autonomic system

Answer 12

Sympathetic

Question 13

Drug that blocks the synthesis of acetylcholine

Answer 13

Hemicholinium

Question 14

Drug that blocks the storage of acetylcholine

Answer 14

Vesamicol

Question 15

Drug that blocks the release of acetylcholine

Answer 15

Botulinum toxin

Question 16

Tyrosine hydroxylase can be inhibited by _____

Answer 16

Metyrosine

Question 17

Drug that block norepinephrine synthesis

Answer 17

Metyrosine

Question 18

Drug that blocks the catecholamine storage

Answer 18

Reserpine

Question 19

Botulinum toxins are able to enter cholinergic nerve terminals and enzymatically alter _____ or one of the other docking or fusion proteins to prevent the release process

Answer 19

Synaptobrevin

Question 20

_____ is the primary transmitter at the sympa- thetic postganglionic neuron-effector cell synapses in most tissues

Answer 20

Norepinephrine (NE)

Question 21

The synthesis of dopamine and norepinephrine requires several steps. After transport across the cell membrane, tyrosine is hydroxylated by _____ (the rate-limiting step) to DOPA (dihydroxyphenylalanine), decarboxylated to dopamine, and (inside the vesicle) hydroxylated to norepinephrine.

Answer 21

Tyrosine hydroxylase

Question 22

Drug that blocks the catecholamine release

Answer 22

Guanethidine

Question 23

Drug promoting catecholamine release and predictably cause sympathomimetic effects.

Answer 23

Amphetamines

Question 24

Determination of the 24-h excretion of metanephrine, normetanephrine, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid (VMA), and other metabolites provides a measure of the total body production of catecholamines, a determination useful in diagnosing conditions such as _____.

Answer 24

Pheochromocytoma

Question 25

Primary transmitter at cholinergic nerve endings (preganglionic ANS, postganglionic parasympathetic, postganglionic sympathetic cholinergic fibers to thermoregulatory sweat glands and some other organs, and somatic neuromuscular end plates)

Answer 25

Acetylcholine

Question 26

Sympathomimetic drug that facilitates the release of catecholamines from adrenergic nerve endings

Answer 26

Amphetamine

Question 27

Bacterial toxin that enzymatically disables release of acetylcholine from cholinergic nerve endings

Answer 27

Botulinum toxin

Question 28

Sympathomimetic drug that impairs reuptake of catecholamine transmitters (norepinephrine, dopamine) by adrenergic nerve endings; it is also a local anesthetic

Answer 28

Cocaine

Question 29

Important central nervous system (CNS) transmitter with some peripheral effects (renal vasodilation, cardiac stimulation)

Answer 29

Dopamine

Question 30

Hormone released from adrenal medulla, neurotransmitter in CNS

Answer 30

Epinephrine

Question 31

Research drugs that inhibit transport of choline into cholinergic nerve endings

Answer 31

Hemicholiniums

Question 32

Research drug that blocks all ANS ganglia and prevents autonomic compensatory reflexes

Answer 32

Hexamethonium

Question 33

Products of metabolism of epinephrine and norepinephrine

Answer 33

Metanephrine, normetanephrine

Question 34

Inhibitor of tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in norepinephrine synthesis

Answer 34

Metyrosine

Question 35

Primary transmitter at most sympathetic postganglionic nerve endings; important CNS transmitter

Answer 35

Norepinephrine

Question 36

Drug that inhibits VMAT, transporter of dopamine and norepinephrine into transmitter vesicles of adrenergic nerves

Answer 36

Reserpine

Question 37

Toxins that block sodium channels and thereby limit transmission in all nerve fibers

Answer 37

Tetrodotoxin, saxitoxin

Question 38

Drug that inhibits VAT, transporter of acetylcholine into its transmitter vesicles

Answer 38

Vesamicol