Chapter 6- Learning

Question 1

Any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice

Answer 1

LEARNING

Question 2

Russian Physiologist who discovered classical conditioning through his work on digestion in Dogs

Answer 2

Ivan Pavlov

Question 3

Learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than the original

Answer 3

Classical Conditioning

Question 4

natural stimulus that normally produces yhe reflex

Answer 4

Classical Conditioning

Question 5

A naturally occuring stimulus that leads to an involuntary response

Answer 5

Unconditioned stimulus

Question 6

an involuntary response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus

Answer 6

Unconditioned response

Question 7

Stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired woth the original unconditioned stimulus

Answer 7

Conditioned Stimulus

Question 8

become a conditioned stimulus when paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Answer 8

Neutral Stimulus

Question 9

Learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus

Answer 9

Conditioned Response

Question 10

Repeated pairing of the NS and the UCS; the organism is in the process od acquiring learning

Answer 10

Acquisition

Question 11

Tendency to respond toba stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response

Answer 11

Stimulus Generalization

Question 12

Tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus because the similar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus

Answer 12

Stimulus Discrimination

Question 13

Disappearance or weakening f a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus

Answer 13

Extinction

Question 14

reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occuured

Answer 14

Spontaneous recovery

Question 15

Strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus

Answer 15

High-order conditioning

Question 16

neutral stimulus becomes a second conditioned stimulus

Answer 16

High-order conditioning

Question 17

Emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli

Answer 17

Conditioned Emotional Response

Question 18

Classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person

Answer 18

Vicarious Conditioning

Question 19

development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because thst taste was followed by a nausea reaction

Answer 19

Conditioned Taste Aversion

Question 20

the tendency of animals to learn certain associations, such as taste and nausea, with only one or few pairings due to the survival value of the learning

Answer 20

Biological Preparedness

Question 21

Original theory in which Pavlov stated that classical conditioning occurred because the conditioned stimulus became a substitute for the unconditioned stimukus bu being paired closely together

Answer 21

Stimulus Substitution

Question 22

Modern theory in which classical conditining is seen to occur because the conditioned stimulus provides information or an expectancy about thr coming of the unconditioned stimulus

Answer 22

Cognitive Perspective

Question 23

learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pelassnt and unpleasant consequences to responses.

Answer 23

Operant Conditioning

Question 24

If response is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated

if a response if followed by an unpleassnt consequence, it will tend not to be reeated

Answer 24

Thorndike’s Law of effect

Question 25

a behaviorist; he wanted to study obly observable, measurable behavior

Answer 25

Skinner

Question 26

any behavior that is voluntary

Answer 26

Operant

Question 27

Learning depends on what happens after the response: _____

Answer 27

the consquence

Question 28

any events or stimulus, that when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again

Answer 28

Reinforcement

Question 29

any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need

Answer 29

Primary reinforcer

Question 30

any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars

Answer 30

Secondary Reinforcer

Question 31

The reinforcement of a response by the addition or experience of a pleasurable stimulus

Answer 31

Positive Reinforcement

Question 32

the reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus

Answer 32

Negative Reinforcement

Question 33

a response that is reinforced after some—but not all— correct responses tends to be very resistant to extinction

Answer 33

Partial Reinforcement Effect

Question 34

reinforcement of each and every correct response

Answer 34

Continuous Reinforcement

Question 35

interval of time thst must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same

Answer 35

Fixed Interval Schedule of Reinforcement

Question 36

the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event

Answer 36

Variable Interval

Question 37

number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same

Answer 37

Fixed Ratio Schedule of Reinforcement

Question 38

Schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforement is different for each trial or event

Answer 38

Variable Ratio

Question 39

any object or event thsy, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again

Answer 39

Punishment

Question 40

the punishment of a response by the addition or experiencing of an unpleasant stimulus

Answer 40

Punishment by application

Question 41

the puishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus

Answer 41

Punishment by removal

Question 42

may cause avoidance of thr punisher instead of the bahavior being punished

Answer 42

Severe Punishment

Question 43

any stimulus, such s a stop sign ora dorknob, that provides the organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement

Answer 43

Discriminative Stimulus

Question 44

Reinforcement of simple steps, leading to a desired complex behavior

Answer 44

Shaping

Question 45

small steps, one sfter another, that lead to a particular goa behavior

Answer 45

Successive approximation

Question 46

Extinction occurs of the behavior (response) is not _______.

Answer 46

Reinforced

Question 47

Reoccurance of a once-extinguished response) also happens in operant conditioning

Answer 47

Spontaneous Recovery

Question 48

tendency foran animal/s behavior to revert to genetically controlled patterns

Answer 48

Instinctive Drift

Question 49

use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior

Answer 49

Behavior Modification

Question 50

type of behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens

Answer 50

Token Economy

Question 51

form a mild punishment by removal in which misbahaving animal, child, or adult, is placed in a special area away from the attention of others

Answer 51

Time-Out

Question 52

Modern term for a form or behavior modification that uses shaping techniques to mold a desired behavior or response

Answer 52

Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)

Question 53

use feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses such as blood pressure and relaxation under voluntary control

Answer 53

Biofeedback

Question 54

form of biofeedback using devices (EEG,fMRI) to provide feedback about brain activity in an effort to modify behavior

Answer 54

Neurofeedback

Question 55

early cognitive scientist

Answer 55

Edward Tolman

Question 56

Learning that remains hidden until its application becomes successful

Answer 56

Latent Learning

Question 57

sudden perception of relarionships among various parts of a problem, allowing the solution to the problem to come quickly

Answer 57

Insight

Question 58

Tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past

Answer 58

Learned Helplessness

Question 59

new way of looking at the entire concept of mental health and therapy thst focuses on the adaptive, creative, anf psychologically more fulilling aspects of humas experience rather than on mental disorders

Answer 59

Positive Psychology

Question 60

Learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior

Answer 60

Observational Learning

Question 61

learning can take place without actual performace of the learned behavior

Answer 61

Learning/performance distinction

Question 62

identify the 4 elements of Observational Learning

Answer 62

Attention Memory Imitation Motivation

Question 63

(an element of observational learning) to learn anything through observation, the learner must first pay attention to the model

Answer 63

Attention

Question 64

(an element of observational learning) the learner must also be able to retain the memory of what was done, such as remembering the steps in preparing a dish that were first seen on a cooking show

Answer 64

memory

Question 65

(an element of observational learning) the lesrner must be capable of reproducing, or imitating, the actions of the model

Answer 65

Imitation

Question 66

(an element of observational learning) The learner must have the desire to perform the action

Answer 66

Motivation