~Chapter 6 - Lecture Section 6.2

Question 1

Many of the studies that examine the advantages of attention make use of a specific form of ___ Attention referred to as ___ Attention.

Answer 1

Covert // Spatial

Question 2

What is Spatial Attention?

Answer 2

Where you are looking at one place, and monitoring another location in the visual scene

Txtbook def: Attention to a specific location.

Question 3

What is a Valid trial/cue?

Answer 3

In a Valid Cue/trial, you are paying attention to the region of space where the target appears, and you can rapidly respond.

Question 4

Valid trials will happen about ___ of the time to make sure that this cue is seen as reliable and valid

Answer 4

80%

Question 5

What is an Invalid trial?

Answer 5

In an Invalid Cue, you are paying attention to some other region of space distant from the target, so when the target appears, you are not paying attention to that region of space and respond more slowly.

Question 6

Invalid trials will happen about ___ of the time

Answer 6

20%

Question 7

In Spatial Attention tasks, ___ reduces reaction times.

Answer 7

pre-cuing

Question 8

In Spatial Attention tasks, ___ reaction times are better.

Answer 8

Lower

Question 9

Spatial Attention tasks often measure ___.

Answer 9

Reaction time

Question 10

It appears that cueing and attention seems to ___, or become ___ within an object. This is called “Same Object Advantage”

Answer 10

spread // generalized

Question 11

The Same Object Advantage seems to apply to more ___ stimuli.

Answer 11

complex

Question 12

What are the benefits of pre-cuing?

Answer 12

Pre-cuing provides benefits to the spatial location that you are attending and to the object that you are attending.

Question 13

Pre-cuing reduces ___.

Answer 13

reaction times

Question 14

Attention ___ reaction times, it makes you react ___.

Answer 14

enhances // faster

Question 15

Things that you are not paying attention to seem to ___, and things that you are paying attention to seem to have ___.

Answer 15

fade // higher contrast

Question 16

Attention ___ the firing of neurons

Answer 16

enhances

Question 17

What did researchers find when studying the effect of Attention on the firing of neurons in Monkeys?

Answer 17

Neuronal firing can be increased if attention is directed over the area that the receptive fields are located, or, its lower if attention is directed away.

Question 18

When we’re trying to predict the responses of a neuron to stimuli in its Receptive Field, what do we have to worry about?

Answer 18

The Shape, Size, Orientation, and Attention

Question 19

The boost in firing rate provided by attention increases the further ___ the visual stream you go.

Answer 19

down

Question 20

The boost in firing rate provided by attention increases the further ___ the visual stream you go.

Answer 20

down

Question 21

The boost in firing rate is quite ___ at the level of the Primary Visual Cortex, but gets gradually ___ as you go to higher-order visual areas.

Answer 21

Small // Bigger

Question 22

In what stream does the boost in firing rate provided by attention increase as you go to higher-order visual areas?

Answer 22

Both the Parietal and Ventral stream

Question 23

Attention to objects increases responses of specific ___.

Answer 23

modules

Question 24

A subject having their brain scanned by an fMRI while being presented with two stimuli, an image of a house and a face, one is moving slightly back-and-forth to make them easy to distinguish from one another. When the attended stimulus was the face, what did the fMRI show?

Answer 24

When the attended stimulus was the face, the FFA was selectively enhanced, and there was less enhancement in the FFA when attending the house.

Question 25

A subject having their brain scanned by an fMRI while being presented with two stimuli, an image of a house and a face, one is moving slightly back-and-forth to make them easy to distinguish from one another. When the attended stimulus was the house, what did the fMRI show?

Answer 25

When the attended stimulus was the house, there was preferential activation in the PPA.

Question 26

A subject having their brain scanned by an fMRI while being presented with two stimuli, an image of a house and a face, one is moving slightly back-and-forth to make them easy to distinguish from one another. When the attended stimulus was the motion itself, what did the fMRI show?

Answer 26

There was preferential activation in motion-coding areas.

Question 27

Even though Attention seems to have a bit of a non-selective enhancement effect, there is ___ enhancement if the target matches the ___.

Answer 27

more // area specialization

Question 28

Attention to a region of space increases ___ in retinotopic maps.

Answer 28

bold signal

Question 29

Attention to a region of space increases ___ in retinotopic maps, meaning, it enhances just that one region of the Retinotopic map.

Answer 29

bold signal

Question 30

Decoders were able to predict with ___ accuracy where the subject was directing their ___ Attention to.

Answer 30

100% // Covert

Question 31

Attention ___ neural activity between areas of the brain.

Answer 31

synchronizes

Question 32

What are Local Field Potentials (LFP)?

Answer 32

LFP’s are a type of electrophysiological measure that records aggregate activity of thousands of neurons around the electrode, it's not recording single units, it's recording a big chunk of cortex. LFP = Aggregate activity of 1000s of neurons

Question 33

Why can two different stimuli (A or B) activate the same location in V4, but different locations in V1 in the Macaques brain?

Answer 33

In the Macaque cortex, V1 is a lot bigger, and so with Local Field Potentials, you can put the electrodes into Retinotopic regions A and B and get distinct signals, but in area V4, which is much smaller, an electrode placed into V4 will essentially cover both regions of space.

Question 34

When the Macaque is paying attention to Stimulus 2 (activating B in V1 and C in V4), A and C show ___.

Answer 34

uncorrelated activity

Question 35

When the two lines, the peaks and the troughs, on an electrophysiological measure do not match, it means the two variables show ___.

Answer 35

uncorrelated activity

Question 36

When the Macaque is paying attention to Stimulus 1 (activating A in V1 and C in V4), the LFP’s for sites A and C have ___ peaks and troughs, this is called ___.

Answer 36

matching // Synchronized Activity

Question 37

What does it mean when there is Synchronized Activity?

Answer 37

Synchronized Activity indicates that these two brain regions are working together on a task, this is going to be important when we consider how multiple modules can communicate with each other.

Question 38

The Temporal Stream, which is the ___ Stream, is the ___ pathway.

Answer 38

Ventral // "What"

Question 39

The Parietal Stream, which is the ___ Stream, is the ___ pathway.

Answer 39

Dorsal // "Where"/"How"