Chapter 6: Long-Term Memory Structure

Question 1

Long-Term Memory

Answer 1

“Archive” of information about past events and knowledge; stores information from a secs to years ago

Question 2

Serial Position Curve

Answer 2

tendency for people to remember information presented at the beginning and end of a list better than information presented in the middle, creating a “U-shaped” curve when graphically plotted

Question 3

Primacy effect

Answer 3

the first few items on a list have a recall
advantage; occurs because words at the beginning of the list are rehearsed more and transferred to LTM

Question 3

Recency effect

Answer 3

the last few items on a list are also very
well recalled; occurs because the last few words are still maintained in STM/WM

Question 4

Differences Between LTM and WM

Answer 4

• LTM can store information for long periods of time than WM
• LTM can store vast quantities of information than WM
• LTM encodes or represents information differently from WM

Question 5

Coding

Answer 5

the way information is represented; e.g. ASCII or UTF computer codes of letters

Question 6

Mental/informational codes

Answer 6

How stimulus such as ideas or experience is represented in the mind; e.g visual, auditory, semantic, etc

Question 7

Physiological codes

Answer 7

How stimulus is represented by the firing of neurons; e.g specificity, population and sparse coding

Question 8

Semantic Encoding in WM

Answer 8

storing information in working memory by focusing on its meaning and relating it to existing knowledge

Question 9

Amnesia

Answer 9

different types of brain damage that can result in impaired memory performance

Question 10

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 10

An impaired ability to remember information acquired after the onset of amnesia

Question 11

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 11

An impaired ability to remember information acquired before the onset of amnesia

Question 12

Hippocampus and Amnesia

Answer 12

Damage to the hippocampus and surrounding regions causes anterograde amnesia; hippocampus plays a role in forming new memories

Question 13

Implicit/non-declarative

Answer 13

unconscious memory and Knowledge that cannot be explicitly stated; detected by changes in performance

Question 13

Double Dissociation Between LTM & STM

Answer 13

people have different patterns of impairment in these two types of memory; LTM and STM are served by at least partially independent neural systems

Question 14

Explicit/declarative

Answer 14

conscious memory and recollection of events experienced and facts learned can be explicitly states

Question 15

Episodic Memory

Answer 15

Memory for personal events that allows you to access specific events located at a particular point in time; “Mental time travel” and “remembering

Question 16

Semantic Memory

Answer 16

Memory for general knowledge and facts lacking
reference to the episodic context in which it was learned; eg. World knowledge and “I know…”

Question 17

Double Dissociation Between Semantic and Episodic

Answer 17

patients demonstrating impaired performance on tasks requiring semantic memory (general knowledge) while retaining relatively normal episodic memory (personal experiences) and vice versa

Question 18

Effect of Time in Memory

Answer 18

phenomenon where the strength and accuracy of a memory naturally decreases over time due to the passage of time

Question 19

Remember/Know Procedure

Answer 19

technique used to study how people recognize information by measuring recollection and familiarity; participants indicate whether they “remember” or “know” each item

Question 19

Constructive episodic simulation hypothesis

Answer 19

proposes that our ability to imagine future events, “simulating” them in our minds, relies on recombination of elements from our past experiences stored in episodic memory

Question 20

Priming

Answer 20

exposure to one stimulus (the “prime”) unconsciously influences how a person responds to a subsequent related stimulus, without them being aware of the connection

Question 21

Positive Priming

Answer 21

exposure to a stimulus (like a word or image) speeds up the processing of a related stimulus, making it easier to recognize or respond to enhancing cognitive processing

Question 22

Repetition Priming

Answer 22

response to a stimulus is faster or more accurate when it's previously been exposed to the same or a very similar stimulus; repeated exposure to a stimulus leads to quicker processing

Question 23

Conceptual Priming

Answer 23

exposure to a concept or idea (the "prime") activates related concepts in a person's memory, making them more likely to think of or respond to those related concepts when presented with a subsequent stimulus

Question 24

Fragment completion

Answer 24

task where participants are presented with incomplete words (with missing letters) and are asked to fill in the missing letters, effectively completing the word based on their stored memory; measures implicit memory

Question 25

Propaganda effect

Answer 25

phenomenon where people are more likely to believe information simply because they have been exposed to it repeatedly, even if it is not necessarily true

Question 26

Expert-induced amnesia

Answer 26

phenomenon of being unable to recall what you've just done after becoming an expert at something; focusing less on what you're learning reduces how well you can recall it later

Question 27

Classical Conditioning

Answer 27

learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus (e.g., a tone) becomes associated with a stimulus (e.g., food) that naturally produces a behaviour