Chapter 6 - Middle Childhood Cognitive and Physical Development

Question 1

Describe Piaget’s Concrete Operational Stage

Answer 1

Ages 7-12; kids can perform mental operations that produce consistent results; unable to process hypothetical and abstract problems

Question 2

Describe Piaget’s Formal Operational Stage

Answer 2

12-adolescence; begin reasoning abstractly and use deductive reasoning; understand hypothetical situations and can apply them

Question 3

T or F - Adolescents are always in the formal operational stage of cognitive development.

Answer 3

False, just because they fit the age range does not mean that they are necessarily thinking in that stage.

Question 4

Give two criticisms of Piaget’s cognitive development.

Answer 4

Adolescents often think irrationally and egocentric, the stages are not definitive, development continues after the formal operational stage

Question 5

What is another word for short term memory?

Answer 5

Working memory

Question 6

Where does most of human thinking take place?

Answer 6

Short term memory

Question 7

How does learning occur?

Answer 7

Short term memory information is transferred to long term memory

Question 8

What is a common method for memorization practiced by 7 and 8 year olds?

Answer 8

Rehearsal - repeating things over and over again

Question 9

As children age, the develop this strategies for memorization?

Answer 9

Organization and Elaboration

Question 10

What is organization?

Answer 10

categorizing information based on common relationships

Question 11

What is elaboration?

Answer 11

relating new information to knowledge that already exists in order to memorize and retain said new information

Question 12

Def. metacognitive knowledge

Answer 12

awareness of one’s own cognitive processes

Question 13

Def. metamemory

Answer 13

one’s own understanding of memory

Question 14

Def. cognitive self-regulation

Answer 14

selecting strategies and monitoring adequately

Question 15

What does a psychometrician do?

Answer 15

They are trained specialists that measure areas such as intelligence and personality

Question 16

Who coined factor analysis?

Answer 16

Charles Spearman

Question 17

What is factor analysis?

Answer 17

a statistical technique that explains a large number of correlations in terms of a small number of underlying factors

Question 18

What is two-factor theory of intelligence?

Answer 18

every task requires a combination of general ability (g) and skills specific to the task (s)

Question 19

What are the 3 components to three-level hierarchy?

Answer 19

General factor (high level ability), Group factor (middle level ability), Specific factor (low level ability)

Question 20

Who identified the middle level abilities?

Answer 20

Carroll

Question 21

How many middle level abilities are there?

Answer 21

8

Question 22

Def. Fluid intelligence

Answer 22

one of the middle abilities; the ability to process information

Question 23

Def. Crystallized intelliegence

Answer 23

one of the middle abilities; the accuracy and amount of information available for processing

Question 24

Describe Gardner’s Multiple Intelliegences

Answer 24

based off Piaget and information processing theories; identifies 9 intelligences; development in these categories is not simultaneous; specific abilities are controlled by specific areas of the brain

Question 25

What are the 3 traditional aspects of intelligence?

Answer 25

Linguistic, Logic-mathematical, and Spatial

Question 26

What is the difference between interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligence?

Answer 26

Inter - knowledge of one's own thoughts and emotions | Intra - knowledge of other's thoughts and emotions

Question 27

Describe the 3 aspects of Robert Sternberg's theory of successful intelligences

Answer 27

Analytic ability - assessing # of solutions Creative ability - how to adapt and create new solutions Practical ability - knowing which solutions will have the best outcomes

Question 28

What country pioneered intelligence testing?

Answer 28

France

Question 29

Who developed the 1st test measuring intelligence?

Answer 29

Binet and Simon

Question 30

Who adapted Binet and Simon's test of intelligence and added the intelligence quotient?

Answer 30

Lewis Terman

Question 31

How do you calculate IQ?

Answer 31

Mental Age / Chronological Age x 100

Question 32

What does an IQ of 100 indicate in today's terms?

Answer 32

Denotes an average performance when compared to data of other children of the same age

Question 33

What two issues arise in evaluating IQ?

Answer 33

Reliability (consistent) and Validity (do they measure what they aim to measure)

Question 34

What is dynamic testing?

Answer 34

A new form of testing that includes the direct observation of children learning new material

Question 35

What is dynamic testing based off of?

Answer 35

Vygotsky's concept of zone of proximal development and scaffolding

Question 36

Do heredity and environment affect IQ?

Answer 36

Yes

Question 37

Are interventions like tutoring and Head Start effective in increasing test scores?

Answer 37

Yes

Question 38

What are culture-fair intelligence tests?

Answer 38

IQ tests that include only items that are common to many cultures; reduce cultural bias

Question 39

T or F - Test taking skills have no effect on test scores.

Answer 39

False - good test taking skills impact tests scores

Question 40

What IQ is considered gifted?

Answer 40

130 or above

Question 41

Describe today's definition of gifted.

Answer 41

IQ of 130 or above and includes talents in are, music, writing, and dance

Question 42

Def. creativity

Answer 42

divergent thinking or thinking in novel or unusual ways

Question 43

What IQ denotes mental retardation?

Answer 43

70 or below

Question 44

What are the four levels of mental retardation?

Answer 44

Mild, moderate, severe, and profound; severe and profound organic

Question 45

What characteristics do children with learning disabilities exhibit?

Answer 45

difficulty in one or more academic subject, normal intelligence, and not caused by some other condition (poor instruction, sensory deficits, etc.)

Question 46

What are the components of reading?

Answer 46

Word Recognition and Comprehension

Question 47

Def. Word Recognition

Answer 47

the process of identifying a unique pattern of letters

Question 48

Def. Comprehension

Answer 48

the process of extracting meaning from a sequence of words

Question 49

What helps improve comprehension?

Answer 49

Increased working memory and general knowledge, learning reading strategies, and learning to monitor one's own comprehension

Question 50

How do 6 year olds solve math problems?

Answer 50

On their hands

Question 51

How do 1st graders solve math problems?

Answer 51

Using mental math (addition and subtraction)

Question 52

How do 8 and 9 year olds do basic math problems?

Answer 52

By memorization of addition tables

Question 53

T or F - Boys are much larger than girls in middle childhood.

Answer 53

False - boys and girls are about the same size throughout middle childhood

Question 54

T or F - Girls generally reach puberty after boys.

Answer 54

False - girls reach puberty around the end of elementary school before boys do.