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MOD I Final > Chapter 6 part 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 part 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Factors of Innate Immunity (5)

A
  1. Epithelial barriers
  2. Phagocytes
  3. Dendritic Cells
  4. Complement
  5. NK Cells
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2
Q

Adaptive Immunity (2)

A
  1. B-Lymphocytes => Antibodies

2. T-cells => Effector T-cells

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3
Q

Epithelial barriers (3)

A
  1. Produce antibicrobes - Defensins
  2. Lymphocytes found here
  3. Mechanical stuff
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4
Q

Phagocytes (2)

A
  1. Monocytes/Neutrophils in blood

2. Sense microbe presence and murder invaders

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5
Q

Dendritic Cells (3)

A
  1. Found in epithelium and lymphoid organs
  2. Capture Ags and present to T-cells
  3. Stim cytokine secretion (inflammation and Antiviral response)
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6
Q

Natural Killer cells (1)

A
  1. Early protection (viruses and INTRACELLULAR bacteria)
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7
Q

Mast Cells (1)

A
  1. Release inflammation mediators
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8
Q

Plasma Proteins types (3)

A
  1. Complement system
  2. Mannose binding lectin and C-Reactive protein
  3. Lung Surfactant
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9
Q
  1. Complement system
A
  1. Proteins activated by microbes
  2. Alternative and lectin pathways
  3. classic pathway activated via Abs (adaptive immunity)
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10
Q

Coat microbes and promote phagocytosis?

A

Mannose binding lectin and C-reactive protein

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11
Q

Protection against inhaled microbes?

A

Lung surfactant

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12
Q

How does Innate Rec Microbes?

A

Pattern Recognition patterns (infecting and cell damage activities)

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13
Q

Main Receptors? (2)

A
  1. TLRs

2. NOD-Like receptors (NLRs)

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14
Q

TLRs activate?

A
  1. NF-kB

2. Interferon Regulatory Factors (IRFs)

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15
Q

What does NF-kB do?

A
  1. Stimulates cytokine secretion and expression of adhesion molecules
  2. Results in the attraction of Leukocytes
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16
Q

Interferon Regulatory Factors (IRF

A

Increase Antiviral Cytokine secretion (type 1 interferons)

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17
Q

NLRs are found where?

A

in the cytosol

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18
Q

TLRs are found where?

A

Plasma membranes

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19
Q

How do NLRs signal?

A

Via the inlfammasome

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20
Q

What does the inlfammasome do?

A
  1. Activates Caspase 1
  2. Caspase 1 activates IL-1
  3. IL-1 induces fever
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21
Q

Gain of function mutation in NLR causes what?

A

Autoinflammatory syndrome

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22
Q

How do you treat Autoinflammatory syndrome?

A

IL-1 antagonist duh

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23
Q

NLR may also play a role in (3)

A
  1. Gout
  2. Type 2 Diabetes
  3. Atherosclerosis
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24
Q

Other Receptors? (4)

A
  1. C-Type Lectin
  2. RIG-like R
  3. G-protein coupled R
  4. Mannose R
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25
This receptor is in the cytosol an activate cytokines when stimulated by the NA of viruses?
RIG-like R
26
C-type Lectin are found where?
Macrophages and dendritic cells -In the plasma membrane
27
Receptor for Neutrophils, Macrophages and Leukocytes?
G Protein-Coupled R
28
Microbial sugars received by?
Mannose R
29
How Does Innate Respond? (3)
1. Inflammation: Cytokines/complement 2. Antiviral: Type 1 interferons 3. Stim Adaptive Immunity
30
Adaptive immunity traits: 2 types
1. Humoral Immunity | 2. Cell Mediated Immunity
31
Extracellular and B-lymphocytes are examples of what type of immunity?
Humoral Immunity
32
T-cells and Intracellular microbes are involved in what type of immunity?
Cell-mediated Immunity
33
What allows Lymphocytes to respond to a wide array of AGs?
They have a highly diverse pool of receptors.
34
B and T cells: general facts (3)
1. Circulate in blood 2. Considered Naive prior to encountering Ag they are specific for 3. Once activated they differentiate into Effector and Memory cells
35
These cells Neutralize Microbes, phagocytose and activate the complement system.
B-Cells!
36
These cells kill infected cells (2)
1. Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes | 2. Natural Killer Cells
37
Regulatory T-cells...
...suppress the immune system
38
Helper T-lymphocytes are activated by?
APC-Macrophages (they also activate macrophages themselves) and Dendritic cells -remember multiples of 8. CD8 = class 1 and CD4 = Class 2 MHC
39
Helper T-lymphocyte functions?
1. Activate Macrophages 2. Inflammation 3. Activate/proliferate T + B lymphocytes
40
Lymphocyte diversity
1. 1 trillion in healthy adult | 2. Not many for each Ag
41
What is clonal selection?
Once a lymphocyte is exposed to a specific Ag, it makes clones that are specific for that Ag.
42
How is diversity generated?
Somatic recombination of genes that encode R. Proteins
43
When and where does this somatic recombination occur?
Durring maturation T-cells = thymus B-Cells = Bone marrow
44
These genes mediate somatic recombination
RAG-1 and RAG-2 -Problems result in an inability to generate mature lymphocytes
45
Recombined T and B cells result in different...
TCRs and Igs
46
If lymphocyte proliferation is polyclonal...
...it is considered BENIGN and NON-NEOPLASTIC
47
If lymphocyte proliferation is neoplastic...
it is considered MONOCLONAL and Malignant
48
3 types of T-lymphocytes
1. Helper T-lymphocytes 2. Cytotoxic T-cells 3. Regulatory T-cells
49
These cells stim activation of leukocytes
Helper T-cells -stim B-cells and thus Ab formation/leukocytes
50
95% of TCRs are...
1. Heterodimers w/alpha + Beta polypeptide chains | - A/B Rec Ags presented by MHC assure T-cells only see associated Ags
51
These T-cells don't need MHCs for activation and where do they aggregate?
1. Gamma-Delta TCR | 2. Epithelial surfaces
52
These cells have TCR receptors for glycolipids presented by MHC-CD1 (MHC-like but not actually) cells
NK-t cells can express this TCR
53
More CD8 or CD4?
60% CD4 and 30% CD8
54
Assist macrophages and B-lymphocytes by secreting cytokines
CD4
55
CD8 cells are?
Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes => destroy host cells
56
MHC 1 bind __ MHC 2 bind ___
CD8 CD4
57
Where do you find B-lymphocytes? (3)
1. Lymph nodes 2. spleen 3. mucosa associated lymphoid tissue
58
B-cell Ag receptor complex consists of?
1. IgM and IgD (membrane bound) 2. Found on surface of mature Naive cells 3. After stim by Ag => plasma cells 4. Igalpha/beta also involved
59
CR2 and CD21 are examples of?
Type 2 complement receptors
60
What disease uses Type 2 complement receptors to cause its effects?
Epstein-barr virus (EBV) -Infects and enters B-cells through this mech
61
What receives Th signals?
CD40
62
Dendritic cells "coolest looking according to Dr. G": Functions/facts
1. APC for T-Cells 2. Express TLRs and lectins 3. Recruited by microbes to T-Cell zones 4. Express high levels of MHC
63
Dendritic cells in the epithelium/skin are called?
Langerhans
64
Where do you find follicular dendritic cells?
In germ centers of lymph follikces -Spleen and lymph nodes
65
What do follicular dendritic cells do?
1. Trap Ags bound to Abs | 2. Present Ags to B-cells.
66
Phagocytosis by macrophages is opsonized by? (2)
1. IgG | 2. C3b
67
How do T-cells activate Macrophages?
IFN-gamma
68
These cells need no previous exposure to destroy tumor and virus cells
Natural killer cells
69
NKCs are 5-10% of Lymphocytes and express what on their PM? (2)
1. CD16 | 2. CD56
70
CD16 is a receptor for what and what does it cause?
1. FC R for IgG | 2. Lyse IgG coated cells
71
CD56 is used to do what?
Just ID NKCs
72
What TCRs and Igs do NKCs express?
None
73
What do NKCs secrete and what does this activate?
1. IFN-gamma | 2. Macrophages
74
How is NKC proliferation stimulated?
1. IL-2 | 2. IL-15
75
What does IL-12 do?
activates NKC killing and IFN-gamma secretion
76
What do healthy cells express that stops NK cells from attacking them?
Class 1 MHCs -Unhealthy cells will have reduced class 1 MHC and be attacked
77
How else are NKcells activated?
Viruses present activating ligands to NK cells
78
Innate Lymphoid cells (ILCs) are?
lymphocytes that lack TCRs but produce similar cytokines
79
What is an example of an ILc?
NK cells homes!
80
What do ILCs produce? (5)
1. IFN-gamma 2. IL-5 3. IL-17 4. IL-17 5. IL-22
81
ILC functions? (3)
1. Early defense against infection 2. Rec + eliminate stressed cells 3. Provide cytokines => influence T-cell differentiation
82
These molecules are involved in transplant rejection. What is another name for them and what chromosome do you find them on?
1. MHC 2. Human Leukocyte antigens (HLA) 3. Chromosome 6 (polymorphic = variable)
83
What HLAs are found in MHC class 1?
A, B, C
84
Where do you find MHC class 1?
All HEALTHY nucleated cells/platelets -also display cytoplasmic peptides
85
What HLAs associated with MHC class 2?
1. HLA-D (DP, DQ, DR)
86
Where do you find Class 2 MHC and what do they look for?
1. Macrophages, B-cells and Dendrites | 2. Internalize Extracellular microbes and soluble proteins into vesicles
87
Key Role of MHC?
Regulate T-cell immunity
88
Which cells of innate immunity release cytokines? (3)
1. Macrophages 2. Dendrites 3. NK cells
89
Cytokines of innate immunity stimulate? (2)
1. Inflammation | 2. Viral attack
90
Cytokines released by innate immunity? (6)
1. TNF 2. IL-1 (fever) 3. IL-12 (by NK cells) 4. Type-1 IFNs 5. INF-gamma (activate macrophages) 6. Chemokines
91
Adaptive immunity cells that secrete cytokines?
1. CD4+ T-cells
92
What does CD4 secrete? (5)
1. IL-2 2. IL-4 3. IL-5 4. IL-17 5. IFN-gamma
93
What do these CD4 cytokines do?
1. Lymphocyte proliferation | 2. Differentiation into effector cells
94
These factors stimulate hematopoieses?
Colony stimulating factors (CSF)
95
What do CSF produce?
1. GM-CSF | 2. IL-7
96
TNF antagonists are given for what disease?
Rheumatoid arthritis
97
When would you give cytokines?
When you want to stimulate hematopoieses and viral protection
98
Where do Ag samples from lymph go?
Lymph nodes
99
Where do Ag samples from blood go?
Spleen
100
The lymphocytes in mucosa are mostly...
memory cells
101
ABCD acronym for hypersensitivity
Type 1: Allergies, Anaphalaxis, Atopy Type 2: antiBody Type 3: immune Complex Type 4: Delayed
102
Hypersensitivity reactions require? (2)
1. Previous exposure (sensitized | 2. Imbalance btw effector mech and control
103
Type 1 is?
Immediate hypersensitivity
104
What stims type 1?
Allergens
105
What happens? (2)
1. Rapid response | 2. Ag bind to IgE on mast cells
106
What takes place in the immediate reaction/what is the time frame?
1. min to Hrs 2. Vasodilation and Vascular leakage 3. Increased glandular secretions and SM spasms
107
When is the late phase, when does it happen and what are the major cell types? (4)
1. Onset is 2-24 Hrs 2. Eosinophils = major cells (also, neutrophils, basophils, monocytes and CD4+ cells) 3. Lasts for days 4. Asthma = example
108
These cells are found near blood vessels, have PM bound granules and crosslinking of IgE = activation
Mast cells
109
What receptors bind IgE
FCERi
110
When are Mast cells sensitized?
When they are covered by IgE
111
What triggers mast cells? (6)
1. C5a and C3a 2. Chemokines (IL-8) 3. Drugs (Codeine and morphin) 4. Adenosine 5. Melittin (beeeeee venom!!) 6. Phys stim
112
Steps after allergen binds
1. CD4+ T cells bind to APC (dendrite) and release IL-4 2. IL4 stims Th2 and class switches B-cells to produce IgE 3. IL-5 stim eosinophils 4. IL-13 stim IgE production and increase mucus secretion 5. Th2 begets more Th2
113
First mediator released by Mast cells?
1. Histamine
114
Histamine function? (3)
1. SM contraction 2. Vasc Permeability 3. Increased Mucus Secretion
115
What types of enzymes are stim by Mast cells?
1. Neutral proteases (chymase and tryptase) 2. Hydrolases - Enzymes cause tissue damage
116
Proteoglycans stimulated by Mast cells?
1. Heparin (anticoagulant)
117
Lipid Mast Cell mediators activate?
Phospholipase A2
118
Phospholipase A2 stimulates production of? (3)
1. Leukotrienes C4 and D4 2. Prostaglandin D2 3. Platelet activating factor (PAF)
119
These cause bronchospasms and increase mucus production.
Prostaglandin D2
120
What is the importance of Leukotrienes C4 and D4?
1. The are the most potent vasoactive and spasmogenic agents (1000x Histamine)
121
PAF does what?
1. Platelet aggregation 2. Release of histamine 3. Bronchospasms 4. Increased vasc perm + vasc dilation
122
Cytokines produced by Mast cell? (4)
1. TNF 2. IL-1 3. Chemokines 4. IL-4
123
What cytokine(s) amplifies TH2 response?
IL-4
124
Cytokine(s) involved in late phase leukocyte recruitment and epithelial damage
TNF, IL-1 and Chemokines
125
Prominent cell in late phase reactions?
1. Eosinophils
126
How do Eosinophils cause tissue damage?
1. Proteolytic Enzyme 2. Major Basic Protein 3. Eosinophil Cationic Protein
127
What do you need for Lat-phase Tx?
Broad spectrum anti-inflammatory Antihistamine is more acute
128
What is Atopy?
1. Increased propensity for immediate hypersensitivity reaction 2. Increased serum IgE and IL-4 3. Chrome 5 + 6 linked to genetic propensity
129
Non-atopic allergies?
1. temp/exercise 2. No TH2 or IgE 3. Mast cells are increasignly sensitive
130
Systemic anaphylaxis is "important to know about" | What does it result in?
1. Vask shock w/in min 2. Widespread Edema and itching rash 3. Difficulty breathing with contracting airways
131
What is Type II?
1. Ab-Mediated Hypersensitivity | 2. AutoAbs specific for norm tissue
132
How do Ab mediate injury?
1. Opsonization (C3b) + phagocytosis 2. Complement (C3a + C5a) and Fc receptor Mediated inflammation 3. Ab-mediated cell dysfunction (anti-receptor Abs disrupt function)
133
Specific Ab-mediated cell dysfunction for Myasthenia gravis
1. AcH-R Abs => M. weakness + paralysis block N-M transmission
134
Ab-mediated dysfunction for Graves disease
TSH-R Abs => Hyperthyroidism
135
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia causes?
Opsonization of RBC and eventually anemia
136
Hemolytic disease of newborn
Erythroblastosis Fetalis
137
What causes Erythroblastosis Fetalis?
Maternal IgG, anti-erythrocyte Abs cross placenta and destroy RBC
138
Diseases with Abs to own blood cells? (3)
1. Hemolytic anemia 2. Agranulocytosis 3. Thrombocytopenia
139
Ab can also cause tissue damage in what kidney disease?
Glomerulonephritis
140
Ab reactions/type 2 are also common in what type of reactions?
Transfusions
141
Type 3 is involved with...?
The Immune Complex
142
What is the immune complex?
Ag-Ab complex that causes tissue damage and inflammation
143
3 things associated with hypertension and the immune complex?
1. Kidney (glomerulonephritis) 2. Joints (arthritis) 3. Small blood vessels (vasculitis)
144
1 more disease associated with Type 3
Lupus
145
What is the pathogenesis of the Immune complex?
1. Complement fixing IgG and IgM 2. Complement proteins at injury site 3. Consumption of complement (reduce C3 levels)
146
What does IgG and IgM fixing do?
produces lesions
147
What are type 4 reactions?
Delayed/T-cell mediated
148
Inflammation is produced by...
CD4 and CD8
149
Diseases associated w/type 4 (5)
1. Rheumatoid arthritis 2. MS 3. Type 1 diabetes 4. Inflammatory bowl disease 5. Psoriasis (scaly rash)
150
Stim Th-1 leads to production of?
IFN-gamma
151
Stim Th-17 leads to production of?
IL-17, IL-22 and chemokines
152
How does IFN-gamma stim macrophages?
1. Increase ability to phagocytose 2. Increase MHC class 2 expression 3. Secrete TNF, IL-1 and chemokines (inflammation) 4. Produce more IL-12 (stim TH-1 production)
153
Example of delayed th reaction?
Tuberculin Reaction (prev sensitized = reddening after 8-12 hrs)
154
TB infection quick facts (4)
1. Non-degradable Ags 2. Colonizes lungs 3. Infiltrate dominated by macrophages 4. Macrophages cause granulomas if sustained!!!
155
Cytokines characteristic of Granulomatous inflammation (2)
1. Increased TH1 Increased IFN-gamma
156
What can be CD8 mediated? (2)
1. Type 1 diabetes | 2. Graft Rejections
157
Define Dysbiosis
Alteration in microbiom (less good and more bad)

MOD I Final (4 decks)

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