Chapter 6: Personality, Motivation, Attitude, Psychological Disorders

Question 1

Psychoanalytic theory

Answer 1

Sigmund Freud - two instinctual drives motivate human behavior - the libido or life instinct (drives behaviors focused on survival, growth, creativity etc) and the death instinct (drive aggression behaviors fueled by unconscious wish to die or harm people)

personality is shaped by a person’s unconscious thoughts, feelings, and memories which are derived from a person’s past experiences

Question 2

Id, Ego, Superego

Answer 2

Id- what we want to do, seek to reduce tension and avoid pain and gain pleasure
Ego- what we actually do; uses logical planning to balance the Id desires and Superego morals
Superego- what we should do, follow moralistic and idealistic goals and strive for higher purpose

Question 3

Five psychosexual stages

Answer 3

Freud suggested that each person matures through stages that correspond to which part of the body is the focus of sensual pleasure

1. Oral - a child seeks sensual pleasure through oral activities such as sucking and chewing
2. Anal - the child seeks sensual pleasure through control of elimination
3. Phallic - the child seeks sensual pleasure through the genitals
4. Latency - sexual interests subside and are replaced by interests in other areas such as school, friends, sports
5. Genital - in adolescence when sexual themes resurface and a person’s life/sexual energy fuels activities such as friendship, sports, careers

Question 4

Erikson’s Eight Psychosocial stages

Answer 4

1. Trust vs. mistrust - if an infant’s physical and emotional needs are not met, as an adult he/she may mistrust the world and interpersonal relationships
2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt - if a toddler’s need to explore, make mistakes, test limits are not met, as an adult he/she may be dependent rather than autonomous
3. Initiative vs. Guilt - young child’s need to make decisions is not met, as an adult he/she may feel guilty taking initiative
4. Industry vs. Inferiority - if a child’s needs to understand the world, develop a gender-role identity, succeed in school are not met, as an adult he/she may feel inadequate
5. Identity vs. Role Confusion - if adolescent does not test limits and clarify identity, goals, he/she may develop role confusion
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation - if young adult does not form intimate relationships, he/she may become alienated
7. Generativity vs. Stagnation - if person doesn’t feel productive by helping next generation and resolving differences between actual accomplishments and earlier dreams, he/she may become stuck in psychological stagnation
8. Integrity vs. Despair - if a person looks back with regrets and lack of personal worth, he/she may feel hopeless, guilty, resentful, and self-rejecting

Question 5

Psychoanalytic therapy

Answer 5

uses various methods to help a patient become aware of his or her unconscious motives, and to gain insight into the emotional issues and conflicts that are presenting difficulties

Question 6

Humanistic theory

Answer 6

Carl Rogers; humans are seen as inherently good and as having free will; the most basic motive of all people is the actualizing tendency - the innate drive to maintain and enhance the organism and to grow toward self-actualization

Question 7

Self-concept

Answer 7

made up of the child’s conscious, subjective perceptions and beliefs about himself

Question 8

Humanistic therapy (person-centered therapy)

Answer 8

provide an environment that will help clients trust and accept themselves and emotional reactions, so they can learn and grow from their experiences; providing unconditional positive regard and empathy

Question 9

Behaviorist Perspective

Answer 9

personality is the result of learned behavior patterns based on a person’s environment; it is deterministic and people start as a blank slate, with environmental reinforcement and punishment determining behavior and personality

Question 10

Classical conditioning

Answer 10

a person acquires a certain response to a stimulus after that stimulus is repeatedly paired with a second, different stimulus that already produces the desired response

Question 11

Operant conditioning

Answer 11

behaviors are influenced by the consequences that follow them, either reinforcements or punishments;
Positive reinforcement - presence of rewarding stimulus
Positive punishment - presence of aversive stimulus
Negative reinforcement - absence of aversive stimulus
Negative punishment - absence of rewarding stimulus

Question 12

Behavioral therapy

Answer 12

uses conditioning to shape a client’s behaviors in the desired direction

Question 13

Ego defense mechanisms

Answer 13

Repression - lack of recall of an emotionally painful memory
Denial - forceful refusal to acknowledge an emotionally painful memory
Reaction formation - expressing the opposite of what one really feels, when it would feel too dangerous to express the real feeling
Projection - attributing one’s own unacceptable thoughts or feeling to another person
Displacement - redirecting aggressive or sexual impulses from a forbidden action of object onto a less dangerous one
Rationalization - explaining and intellectually justifying one’s impulsive behavior
Regression - reverting to an earlier, less sophisticated behavior
Sublimation - channeling aggressive or sexual energy into positive, constructive activities, such as producing art

Question 14

Social cognitive perspective

Answer 14

personality is formed by a reciprocal interaction among behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors

Question 15

Cognitive behavioral therapy

Answer 15

behavioral therapy (conditioning) is combined with a cognitive approach - a person’s feelings and behaviors are seen as reactions not to actual events, but to the person’s thoughts about those events

Question 16

Personality trait

Answer 16

a generally stable predisposition toward a certain behavior

Question 17

Surface traits

Answer 17

evident from a person’s behavior

Question 18

Source traits

Answer 18

factors underlying human personality and behavior

Question 19

Five-factor model

Answer 19

Openness, Conscientiousness, open to Experience, Agreeableness, Neuroticism

Question 20

Hans Eysenck

Answer 20

biological perspective of personality; said that a person’s level of extroversion is based on individual differences in the reticular formation, which mediates arousal and consciousness; a person’s level of neuroticism is based on differences in the limbic system, which mediates emotion and memory

Question 21

Jeffrey Alan Gray

Answer 21

biological perspective of personality; personality is governed by interactions among 3 brain systems (sympathetic nervous system, behavioral inhibition system, behavioral approach system) that respond to rewarding and punishing stimuli

Question 22

C. Robert Cloninger

Answer 22

biological perspective of personality; personality is linked to the level of activity of certain neurotransmitters in 3 interacting systems

Question 23

Person-situation controversy

Answer 23

similar to attribution theory; considers the degree to which a person’s reaction in a given situation is due to their personality or is due to the situation itself - trait vs. state

Question 24

Instinct

Answer 24

behaviors that are unlearned and present in fixed patterns throughout a species

Question 25

Drive

Answer 25

an urge originating from a physiological discomfort such as hunger, thirst, or sleepiness; alert an organism that it is no longer in a state of homeostasis; work through negative feedback systems

Question 26

Arousal

Answer 26

some behaviors are motivated by a desire to achieve an optimum level of arousal; either seeking relaxation when overstimulated, or exploring surrounding when under-stimulated

Question 27

Needs

Answer 27

includes basic biological needs and also higher-level needs that are not explained through instincts, drive, or arousal

Question 28

Drive-reduction theory

Answer 28

suggests that a physiological need creates an aroused state that drives the organism to reduce that need by engaging in some behavior

Question 29

Incentives

Answer 29

external stimuli, objects, and events in the environment that either help induce or discourage certain behaviors

Question 30

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Answer 30

base of the pyramid is physiological needs and elements for survival, then safety needs, love and belongingness, esteem needs, and at the top is self-actualization suggests that not all needs are created equally, some take priority over others

Question 31

Psychological disorder

Answer 31

a set of behavioral and/or psychological symptoms that are not in keeping with cultural norms, and that are severe enough to cause significant personal distress and/or significant impairment to social, occupational, or personal functioning

Question 32

Anxiety disorders

Answer 32

characterized by excessive worry, uneasiness, apprehension and fear with both physiological and psychological symptoms ex. GAD, phobias, panic disorder, OCD, PTSD

Question 33

Mood disorders

Answer 33

characterized by a disturbance in mood or affect; two broad categories are distinguished by the presence or absence of a manic or hypomanic episode ex. Major depressive disorder, dysthymic disorder, bipolar disorder, cyclothymic disorder

Question 34

Personality disorders

Answer 34

characterized by enduring maladaptive patterns of behavior and cognition that depart from social norms and are displayed across a variety of contexts ex. paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal, antisocial, histrionic, borderline, narcissistic, avoidant, dependent personality disorders

Question 35

Psychotic disorders

Answer 35

characterized by a general "loss of contact with reality" which can include delusions, hallucinations, and psychosis ex. schizophrenia and delusional disorder

Question 36

Dissociative disorders

Answer 36

characterized by disruptions in memory, awareness, identity, or perception ex. dissociative identity disorder, dissociative amnesia, depersonalization disorder

Question 37

Eating disorders

Answer 37

characterized by disruptive eating patterns that negatively impact physical and mental health ex. anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, pica

Question 38

Neurocognitive disorders

Answer 38

characterized by cognitive decline in memory, problem-solving, and perception ex. alzheimer's, delirium, dementia, amnesia

Question 39

Sleep disorders

Answer 39

characterized by interruption in sleep patterns | ex. insomnia, narcolepsy, sleepwalking disorder

Question 40

Somatoform disorder

Answer 40

characterized by symptoms that cannot be explained by a medical condition, substance use, and are not attributable to another mental disorder ex. conversion disorder, somatization, hypochondriasis, body dysmorphic disorder, pain disorder

Question 41

Substance related disorders

Answer 41

characterized substance abuse and physical and mental dependence ex. alcohol abuse, drug abuse

Question 42

Panic disorder (anxiety)

Answer 42

suffered at least 1 panic attack and worried about having more of them; during a panic attack, a person experiences intense dread, along with shortness of breath, chest pain, a choking sensation, cardiac symptoms

Question 43

Generalized Anxiety disorder (GAD) (anxiety)

Answer 43

feels tense or anxious much of the time about many issues, but does not experience panic attacks

Question 44

Phobias (anxiety)

Answer 44

feels a strong fear that he/she recognizes as unreasonable, almost always experiences general anxiety or a full panic attack when confronted with a feared object/situation; specific phobia - fear of a certain object or situation social phobia - unreasonable fear of feeling embarrassed or humiliated while one is watched by others, even while performing routine activities

Question 45

Post-traumatic stress disorder (anxiety)

Answer 45

arises when a person feels intense fear, horror, or helplessness while experiencing, witnessing, or otherwise confronting an extremely traumatic event; symptoms are present for more than a month

Question 46

Acute stress disorder (anxiety)

Answer 46

similar to PTSD, but symptoms are present for a month or less

Question 47

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (anxiety)

Answer 47

has obsessions (repeated, intrusive, uncontrollable thoughts or impulses that cause distress or anxiety), compulsions (repeated physical or mental behaviors), or both

Question 48

Conversion disorder (somatoform)

Answer 48

experiences a change in sensory or motor function that has no discernible physical or physiological cause

Question 49

Pain disorder (somatoform)

Answer 49

suffers clinically important pain whose onset or severity seems significantly affected by psychological factors

Question 50

Somatization disorder (somatoform)

Answer 50

experiences a variety of physical symptoms over an extended time period, has at least 8 physical symptoms that began before age 30

Question 51

Body dysmorphic disorder

Answer 51

preoccupied with a slight physical anomaly or imagined defect in appearance which causes significant distress or impairment

Question 52

Hypochondriasis

Answer 52

preoccupied with fears of having a serious illness for at least 6 months

Question 53

Schizophrenia (psychotic)

Answer 53

chronic, incapacitating disorder by which a person is out of touch with reality and suffers material impairment in social, occupational, or personal functioning; Positive symptoms of psychosis - something is added, delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech Negative - something is taken away, reduced or absent emotional expression, catatonic behavior, reduced quantity or fluency of speech, reduced initiative or abolition hypothesis that dopamine pathway is hyperactive

Question 54

Paranoid-type schizophrenia

Answer 54

psychosis in the form of hallucinations and/or delusions, usually relating to a certain theme negative symptoms not prominent

Question 55

Disorganized-type schizophrenia

Answer 55

psychosis is in the form of flat or inappropriate affect, disorganized speech disorganized behavior delusions and hallucinations not prominent

Question 56

Catatonic-type schizophrenia

Answer 56

psychosis in the form of catatonic behavior, which can include retarded or excited motor activity, stupor, freezing, or purposeless hyperactivity positive symptoms not prominent

Question 57

Undifferentiated-type schizophrenia

Answer 57

meets basic criteria for schizophrenia, but not for the other subtypes

Question 58

Residual-type schizophrenia

Answer 58

previously met criteria for schizophrenia, but symptoms are now milder

Question 59

Major depressive disorder (mood)

Answer 59

suffered one of more major depressive episodes - felt worse than usual for most of the day, nearly everyday for 2 weeks; depressed mood, change in weight, too much or too little sleep, loss of energy, thought of suicide

Question 60

Dysthymic disorder (mood)

Answer 60

less intense, chronic form of depression; milder symptoms felt for at least 2 years

Question 61

Bipolar disorder (mood)

Answer 61

experiences cyclic mood episodes at both extremes, depression and mania bipolar I - experienced at least 1 manic or mixed episode bipolar II - manic phases are less extreme, at least 1 major depressive episode and 1 hypomanic episode

Question 62

Cyclothymic disorder

Answer 62

similar to bipolar disorder but the moods are less extreme; experienced cyclic moods including hypomanic episodes and depressive episodes but less intense

Question 63

Dissociative amnesia (dissociative)

Answer 63

had at least one episode of suddenly forgetting some important personal information

Question 64

Dissociative fugue

Answer 64

a person suddenly goes on a journey, during which he or she cannot recall personal history prior to the journey

Question 65

Dissociative identity disorder

Answer 65

alternates among two or more distinct personality states or identities, only one of which interacts with other people at any one time

Question 66

Depersonalization disorder (dissociative)

Answer 66

recurring or persistent feeling of being cut off or detached from his or her body or mental process, as if observing themselves from the outside; may also think the external world is unreal

Question 67

Cluster A personality disorders

Answer 67

Paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal

Question 68

Cluster B personality disorders

Answer 68

antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic

Question 69

Cluster C personality disorders

Answer 69

avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive

Question 70

Paranoid personality disorder

Answer 70

cluster A, mistrusts and misinterprets others' motives and actions without sufficient cause, suspecting them of deceiving, harming, betraying, or attacking himself

Question 71

Schizoid personality disorder

Answer 71

cluster A, a loner with little interest or involvement in close relationships, even those with family members; unaffected emotionally by interactions with other people, appearing detached or cold

Question 72

Schizotypal personality disorder

Answer 72

cluster A, constricted or inappropriate emotion, magical or paranoid thinking, odd beliefs, speech, behavior, appearance, and perceptions; no confidant other than close relatives; eventually develop into schizophrenia

Question 73

Antisocial personality disorder

Answer 73

cluster B, history of serious behavior problems beginning as a teen, aggression, property destruction, lying or theft, serious rule violation; repeatedly disregarding the rights of others

Question 74

Borderline personality disorder

Answer 74

cluster B, enduring or recurrent instability in his or her impulse control, mood, and image of self and others; reckless behavior with extreme mood swings, reactivity, anger lead to unstable relationships; terrified of abandonment

Question 75

Histrionic personality disorder

Answer 75

cluster B, desires to be center of attention, and often seeks to attract attention through personal appearance and seductive behavior; dramatic emotional expression yet the emotions are shallow and shifting

Question 76

Narcissistic personality disorder

Answer 76

cluster B, feels self-important, fantasies of beauty, brilliance, and power; person feels a desperate need for admiration in variety of contexts and feels envy toward and from others

Question 77

Avoidant personality disorder

Answer 77

cluster C, feels inadequate, inferior, and undesirable and is preoccupied with fears of criticism; feels ashamed and avoids interpersonal contact, risks, and new activities unless he/she is certain of being liked

Question 78

Dependent personality disorder

Answer 78

cluster C, feels a need to be taken care of by others and an unrealistic fear of being unable to take care of himself; has trouble assuming responsibility and making decisions, preferring to gain approval by making others responsible

Question 79

Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

Answer 79

cluster C, may not have true obsessions or compulsions, but may accumulate money or worthless objects; perfectionistic, rigid, stubborn, with a need for control interpersonally and mentally; resists other's authority and will not cooperate or delegate to others unless things are done his way

Question 80

Alzheimer's disease (neurocognitive)

Answer 80

most prevalent form of dementia; inability to form new memories - anterograde amnesia; formation of neuritic plaques, also evidence of abnormal activity in acetylcholine in the hippocampus

Question 81

Parkinson's disease

Answer 81

movement disorder characterized by death of cells that generate dopamine in the basal ganglia and substantia nigra; symptoms are a resting tremor, slowed movement, shuffling gait, rigid movement of the face

Question 82

Attitude

Answer 82

a person's feelings and beliefs about other people or events around them, and their tendency to react behaviorally based on those underlying evaluations 3 main components (ABCs): affect (emotion), behavior tendencies, cognition (thought)

Question 83

Attitudes can better predict behavior

Answer 83

When social influences are reduced When general patterns of behavior rather than specific are observed - principle of aggregation When specific, rather than general, attitudes are considered When attitudes are made more powerful through self-reflection

Question 84

Principle of aggregation

Answer 84

an attitude affects a person's aggregate or average behavior, but not necessarily each isolated act

Question 85

James-Lange theory of emotion

Answer 85

behaviors may precede and influence emotions

Question 86

Behaviors that are likely to influence attitudes

Answer 86

Role-playing - Zimbardo's Stanford prison experiment Public declarations - saying something publicly can turn into believing it Justification of effort - modifying attitude to match behavior

Question 87

Foot in the door phenomenon

Answer 87

enticing people to take small actions, and then after obtaining this involvement, raise the stakes; people will experience internal pressure to consent to larger requests to justify their acceptance of smaller requests

Question 88

Cognitive dissonance theory

Answer 88

we feel tension whenever we hold two thoughts or beliefs that are incompatible, or when attitudes and behaviors don't match; in order to reduce this tension, we make our views of the world match how we feel or what we've done