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PSYC 3533 > Chapter 6 - Pregnancy and Childbirth > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Pregnancy and Childbirth Flashcards

1
Q

what are the first steps of conception?

A

ovulation (egg released from ovary); egg is picked up by fimbriae and enters fallopian tube; 200-4–mil sperm start out to fertilize egg; sperm travels through cervix and uterus to one of the fallopian tubes; only ~200-300 sperm make it as far as the egg

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2
Q

sperm work together to break down ____ by secreting ____

A

zona pellucida; hyaluronidase

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3
Q

what are the last few steps of conception?

A

one (sometimes more) sperm enters the egg; fertilization occurs in the fallopian tube (infundibulum); now called a zygote, it continues to move down fallopian tubes into uterus; zygote implants in the uterus

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4
Q

presumptive pregnancy signs

A

missed period, nausea, breast tenderness

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5
Q

probable pregnancy signs

A

positive pregnancy test, increased basal body temperature, increased human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG)

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6
Q

positive pregnancy signs

A

detection of fetal heartbeat or movement, detection of skeleton via ultrasound

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7
Q

how is delivery date calculated?

A

using Nagele’s Rule

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8
Q

first trimester (fetal development)

A

embryonic stage; placenta and amniotic sac develop; most major organs and systems develop; “fetal stage” after 8 weeks; can come with tingling and fullness in breasts, nausea, tiredness, appetite change

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9
Q

second trimester (fetal development)

A

movement can be detected as early as 13-16 weeks; heartbeat can be heard with stethoscope by 5 months; fetus is sensitive to light and sound by 6 months

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10
Q

effects on body during the second trimester

A

indigestion, constipation, breasts enlarge with milk, nipples darken, stretch marks on breasts and stomach; most women report less nausea after the first trimester

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11
Q

third trimester (fetal development)

A

brain and nervous system finish growing by 7 months; fetus turns to head-down position to prepare for birth

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12
Q

effects on body during third trimester

A

issues with balance, backache, leg cramps, frequent urination, swelling of hands or feet; healthy weight gain of 25-35 lbs

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13
Q

sexual activity during pregnancy

A

sex is safe during pregnancy up until the start of labour (fetus is protected by amniotic sac and mucus plug); women with a history of miscarriage or spotting may be advised to abstain from having orgasms

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14
Q

which nutrients are important to include in a pregnancy diet?

A

protein, folic acid, calcium, magnesium, iron, vitamin A

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15
Q

vaginal birth

A

fetus takes head-down position; effacement (thinning of cervix) occurs; dilation; amniotic sac ruptures “water breaking”

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16
Q

stage 1 labour (vaginal birth)

A

labour can last 8-14 hours; about half the time for subsequent pregnancies; contractions help dilate the cervix; early (4cm), active (8cm), transition (10cm, fully dilated, baby can pass through, shortest phase but most difficult ~30mins)

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17
Q

stage 2 labour (vaginal birth)

A

begins when cervix is fully dilated and baby’s head begins to move into vagina; ends with baby being birthed; birther begins to push; once baby has crowned the blood and mucus is cleared from their face to induce breathing

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18
Q

stage 3 labour

A

final stage; lasts few minutes to over an hour; sometimes called placental phase; placenta detaches from uterine wall and is expelled with other material (“afterbirth”)

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19
Q

non-pharmacological pain management during labour

A

use of birthing balls, controlled breathing, soaking in a tub, walking around, using massage or distraction techniques

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20
Q

pharmacological pain management during labour

A

tranquilizers and narcotics; epidurals or spinal blocks

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21
Q

what is a c-section

A

(caesarean section) baby is delivered through an incision made through the abdomen and wall of the uterus

22
Q

some reasons why a c-section may be necessary

A

baby is too large; mother’s pelvis is too narrow; baby is in breech or transverse position; umbilical cord will pass through before baby does (prolapse); placenta previa

23
Q

what happens immediately after baby is born?

A

umbilical cord it clamped and cut; skin to skin contact; breastfeeding; antibiotic in baby’s eyes; baby receives vit K injection to ensure blood clot forms normally

24
Q

what is the main cause of postpartum emotional issues

A

hormonal changes; levels of estrogen and progesterone returning to normal

25
Q

three major postpartum conditions

A

postpartum blues (80%); postpartum depression (10%-20%); postpartum psychosis (0.2%)

26
Q

how long should women wait before having intercourse after sex

A

six weeks; recently tho changed to whenever couple is ready

27
Q

breastfeeding is recommended for the first ____ months?

A

six
-can continue up to two years and beyond

28
Q

colostrum, produced by the breasts, is high in ____ and ____ which helps ____

A

nutrients; antibodies; protect the baby from infection

29
Q

when does milk production begin

A

2-3 days after delivery

30
Q

prolactin

A

is released to stimulate milk production

31
Q

oxytocin

A

needed to eject the milk from the breasts

32
Q

lactational anovulation

A

regular menstrual cycle is delayed because of exclusive breastfeeding

33
Q

in relation to sexuality, masters and johnson said that women who breastfeed…

A

had higher levels of sexual interest in the months following delivery

34
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A

fertilized egg implants somewhere other than uterine lining; most commonly caused by obstructed fallopian tube

35
Q

miscarriages

A

most occur within six weeks of gestation; most common reason is a defect in embryo or uterus; can negatively affect mother (psychologically)

36
Q

Rh incompatibility

A

Antibodies from the pregnant woman’s blood destroy red blood cells in the fetus; occurs when the woman has Rh‐negative blood and the fetus has Rh‐positive blood
-risk is low in the first pregnancy but very high in subsequent ones; anti‐bodies will have formed by then and attack the (second +) fetus’s red blood cells
– Can lead to fetal anemia, intellectual disability, or death

37
Q

pregnancy-induced hypertension

A
  1. high blood pressure associated with pregnancy
    OR
  2. pre-eclampsia includes fluid retention and swelling as well as protein in the urine; can lead to convulsions, coma, and even death
38
Q

congenital anomalies

A

may result from genetics, illness/infection, use of drugs or alcohol
-folic acid supplements in the three months before conception and in the first trimester can reduce the incidence of congenital abnormalities from neural tube defects

39
Q

what’s one way that congenital anomalies can be detected

A

maternal serum screening for elevated levels of
alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP) and other markers in the
mother’s blood

40
Q

two more invasive ways of detected congenital anomalies

A

Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling

41
Q

a preterm baby is born before __ weeks of gestation (out of 40 weeks)

A

37
-linked to low birth weight
-60%-80% of infant deaths (with no congenital anomalies) are due to preterm birth

42
Q

anoxia

A

umbilical cord can be compressed as the
baby passes through birth canal, especially if
the baby is born in the breech position which causes oxygen deprivation

43
Q

prolonged anoxia can lead to…

A

cerebral palsy, brain damage, intellectual disability, and even death

44
Q

stillbirth

A

when a baby is born deceased any time after 28 weeks gestation and weighs at least 500 grams; global stillbirth rate is 18.4 per 1000 births; stillbirth often leads to increased psychological
difficulties in the birthing parent

45
Q

maternal mortality and morbidity

A

830 women die from pregnancy‐ or childbirth‐
related complications around the world every day; almost all of these deaths (99 per cent) occurred in low‐resource settings

46
Q

how many couples in Canada have fertility issues

A

1 in 8 couples
-40 per cent result from male infertility
-40 per cent result from female infertility
-20 per cent result from infertility in both partners or unknown causes

47
Q

most common cause of male infertility

A

low sperm count; infertility affects 1 in 10 men

48
Q

most common cause of female infertility

A

irregular ovulation; infertility affects 1 in 12 women

49
Q

psychological impact of infertility

A

increased relationship conflict and decreases in sexual satisfaction; Psychological has a
greater affect on the female (the person attempting to become pregnant)
– BUT, infertility can challenge a man’s sense of masculinity and
virility as well

50
Q

slide 21

A

PSYC 3533 (14 decks)

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