Chapter 6: Seeds, Stems, Roots, Plant Tissue

Question 1

Morphology

Answer 1

External features

Question 2

Anatomy

Answer 2

Internal structure

Question 3

Histology

Answer 3

Microscopic features

Question 4

Radicle

Answer 4

Primary root

Question 5

Plumule

Answer 5

Primary shoot

Question 6

Adventitious roots

Answer 6

Grow from shoot axis at or above soil and anchor, braced and prop for support

Question 7

Shearing leaves

Answer 7

Develop with true foliage and encircle stem at each node

Question 8

Staminate flowers

Answer 8

Male flowers, can be called tassels

Question 9

Ovary develops into fruit called…

Answer 9

Caryopsis, kernel

Question 10

Hypocotyl

Answer 10

Hook that emerges above soil

Question 11

Epicotyl

Answer 11

Stem region between cotyledons and trifoliate leaves

Question 12

Cotyledons

Answer 12

Vary with plants, they supply food to young plant

Question 13

Plasma membrane

Answer 13

Lipid bilayer, absorption, secretion, generates energy, proteins act as enzymes, receptors, channels, communication

Question 14

Plastids

Answer 14

Storage for oil, starch, and proteins

Question 15

Chromoplast

Answer 15

Contain pigments, ones including chlorophyll (chloroplast), double membrane

Question 16

Vacuole

Answer 16

Storage for water, salts, toxic products

Question 17

Tonoplast

Answer 17

Controls flow of water and turgor pressure

Question 18

Makes up primary wall of cell and provides elasticity and strength

Answer 18

Cellulose

Question 19

Middle lamella

Answer 19

Mucilaginous pectin that holds cell walls together

Question 20

Lignins

Answer 20

Provide strength

Question 21

Suberin

Answer 21

Prevents water flow in cell walls

Question 22

Meristem

Answer 22

Divided cells which differentiate, thin walls, dense protoplasts, root and shoot tips, cambium

Question 23

Permanent tissue

Answer 23

Epidermis, parenchyma, sclerenchyma, collenchyma, xylem, phloem

Question 24

Apical Meristem aka shoot

Answer 24

Where all stems, flowers, and leaves originate, can produce auxin to suppress dormant meristem

Question 25

Root meristem

Answer 25

Makes protoderm, ground meristem, procambium, and lies behind root cap

Question 26

Root cap

Answer 26

Protects root meristem

Question 27

Subapical Meristem

Answer 27

Produces new cells behind active shoot, growth and height of plant, true meristem, bolting

Question 28

Intercalary Meristem

Answer 28

Separated from meristem by mature tissues, retains ability to divide, monocots

Question 29

Lateral Meristem

Answer 29

Secondary growth, cyclinders of actively dividing cells, vascular cambium

Question 30

Simple Tissue

Answer 30

Epidermis, parenchyma, sclerenchyma, collenchyma, cork

Question 31

Parenchyma

Answer 31

Living, thin walled, large vacuoles, under epidermis, all plant parts, can become meristematic and regenerate tissue

Question 32

Sclerenchyma

Answer 32

Thick walled cells in sclereids, eventually die leaving hard cell walls, stem and bark and grittiness

Question 33

Collenchyma

Answer 33

Support to young stems, petioles, veins of leaves, thick walls and corners of cell, cellulose

Question 34

Cork tissue

Answer 34

Bark, trunks, potato skin, waterproofed with suberin, die but retain shape

Question 35

Xylem

Answer 35

Conducts water and dissolved material

Question 36

Anatomy of xylem

Answer 36

Long tubes made of short vessel members, long tapered dead cells that conduct water through pits, sclerenchyma for support, parenchyma in vertical files for food storage

Question 37

Phloem

Answer 37

Conducts food and metabolites

Question 38

Phloem anatomy

Answer 38

Sieve tubes, sieve tube members, companion cells, fibers

Question 39

Sieve tubes

Answer 39

Long slender cells with porous sieve plates, angiosperms

Question 40

Sieve cells

Answer 40

Gymnosperms

Question 41

Functions of root

Answer 41

Absorbing and conducting water, mineral nutrients, anchorage and support, storage organs

Question 42

Aerial roots

Answer 42

From branches, strangler fig

Question 43

Epiphytes

Answer 43

Have chlorophyll in roots, orchid

Question 44

Zone of elongation

Answer 44

Cells expand, protoplasm forms, vacuoles get bigger

Question 45

Region of maturation

Answer 45

Behind zone of elongation, enlarges cells differentiate

Question 46

Endodermis

Answer 46

Only in roots and surrounded by casparian strip

Question 47

Pericycle

Answer 47

Outermost layer of cells in central core inside endodermis, produces vascular cyclinders and lateral roots

Question 48

Stele

Answer 48

Pericycle and vascular cyclinder

Question 49

Types of stems

Answer 49

Protoderm, ground meristem, procambium

Question 50

Cortex

Answer 50

Under epidermis

Question 51

Sapwood

Answer 51

Outer, alive, softer xylem

Question 52

Heartwood

Answer 52

Inner hard dead xylem

Question 53

Vessel elements

Answer 53

Angiosperms, hardwood

Question 54

Tracheids in xylem

Answer 54

Gymnosperms, softwood

Question 55

Lenticels

Answer 55

Diffusion of gases

Question 56

Rhizome

Answer 56

Underground horizontal stem, bamboo

Question 57

Stolons

Answer 57

Above ground horizontal stems aka runners, strawberry

Question 58

Corms

Answer 58

Thickened compressed underground stems, crocus

Question 59

Bulbs

Answer 59

Highly compressed, underground, storage leaves (scales), survive cold and dryness

Question 60

Tubers

Answer 60

Enlarged fleshy terminal portions of stems, potato