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A&P 1 - Chap 5 - Chap 12 (2nd test) > Chapter 6 - Skeletal System > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Function of Skeletal System & components

A

function: framework for the body
components: bones, cartilages, joints

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2
Q

Cartilage Tissue

A
  1. no blood vessels - only type of CT w/no blood vessels
  2. no nerves
  3. components - ground substance, cells, fibers
  4. surrounded by perichondrium
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3
Q

Cartilage Tissue - highest water content of all CT

A

H2O–most abundant molecule in cartilage; designed to be flexible & comprehensible (bear weight)–high water content allows this

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4
Q

Ground substance (component of cartilage)

A

80% water, adhesion proteins, proteoglycans (holds water)

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5
Q

Cells (component of cartilage)

A

chondroblasts, chondrocytes

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6
Q

Fibers (component of cartilage)

A

mostly collagen

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7
Q

Perichondrium

A

dense CT covering the cartilage

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8
Q

Functions of Perichondrium

A
  1. protects
  2. Appositional growth
  3. has some blood vessels (source of O2 & nutrients that cartilage relies on)
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9
Q

Chondroblasts

A

scattered cells in perichondrium; make cartilage thicker

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10
Q

Chondrocyte

A

inside “wells” that are inside mature cartilage; no longer productive but maintain tissue

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11
Q

Lacunae

A

“wells”

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12
Q

Cartilage Growth

A
  1. Appositional growth

2. Interstitial growth

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13
Q

Appositional growth (Cartilage Growth)

A

chondroblasts w/in perichondrium produce tissue; THICKENS cartllage; occurs throughout LIFETIME

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14
Q

Interstitial Growth (Cartilage Growth)

A

“inside tissue”; chondroblasts inside cartilage produce tissue; way cartilage LENGTHENS; chondroblasts inside tissue as well & able to make cartilage inside; occurs in YOUNGER YEARS

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15
Q

3 Types of Cartilage

A
  1. Hyaline cartilage - most flexible; thin collagen fibers
  2. Elastic cartilage - stretchy; collagen & elastic fibers
  3. Fibrocartilage - denser; compressible; thick collagen fibers; strongest cartilage
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16
Q

Hyaline Cartilage Locations

A

costal cartilage, articular cartilage, tip of nose, trachea, parts of larynx, epiphyseal plate

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17
Q

Elastic Cartilage Locations

A

outer ear, epiglottis (top of larynx; prevents food/drink from getting into respiratory system)

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18
Q

Fibrocartilage Locations

A

intervertebral discs (between vertebraes so we can move our spine), pubic symphysis (between coxal bones)

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19
Q

Functions of Bones

A
  1. Support
  2. Protection - vital organs
  3. Assist in movement
  4. Mineral storage - calcium (over 99% stored in bones)
  5. Homopoiesis - blood cell formation - RBC, WBC, platelets
  6. Nutruient storage - yellow bone marrow (stores nutrients)
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20
Q

Each bone is an organ

A

206 bones; 2 or more tissue types & very specific functions in body

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21
Q

Bone qualifies as an organ bc it contains 2 or more tissues types

A

Bone tissue - CT
Cartilage tissue - CT
Nervous tissue
Blood vessels - epithelial tissue & muscle tissue

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22
Q

Bones are classified by shape

A
  1. Long bones
  2. Short bones
  3. Flat bones
  4. Irregular bones
  5. Sesamoid bones
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23
Q

Long bones (description & examples)

A

DES: rectangular shaped; middle part like a tube (cannot be flat); one side longer than other side
EX: humerus, femur, phalanges

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24
Q

Short bones (description & examples)

A

DES: one dimension is about same as other dimension; square shaped
EX: most carpals (wrists) & tarsals (ankles)

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25
Flat bones (description & examples)
DES: very thin (does not have to be flat) EX: sternum, most of skull bones; scapula, ribs (not cylinder shaped), clavicles
26
Irregular bones (description & examples)
DES: unusual shaped EX: vertebrae, coxal bones
27
Sesamoid bones (description & examples)
DES: bones inside a tendon EX: patella --only bones in body that are classified as such
28
206 bones
80 axial bones - head, neck, trunk | 126 appendicular bones - arms, shoulders, legs, hips
29
2 Bone Textures (bone histology)
1. Compact bone | 2. Spongy bone
30
Compact bone
solid; strong; outer parts of bone; made of osteons (Haversian system)--repeating unit columns
31
Structural unit of compact bone
Osteon
32
Spongy bone
inside of bone; no osteon; bone tissue in irregular pattern; many spaces between bone; spaces contain either red bone marrow (makes blood cells) or yellow bone marrow depending upon bone
33
Chemical Composition of bone
25% fluid 25% collagen - strongest of fibers 50% calcium salts (inorganic) - hardens bone
34
Calcium salts (chemical comp of bone) - arranged in a "rock" form
calcium phosphate salts - most abundant | calcium hydroxide salts
35
Mineral formed from Calcium phosphate salts & Calcium hydroxide salts
hydroxyapatite
36
Calcium salts deposit on fibers around collagen fibers
Calcium allows it to be hard & collagen allows it to be strong
37
Calcification
depositing of calcium salts along collagen fibers; hardening of bone tissue
38
4 Cells located in Bone:
1. Osteogenic cells 2. Osteoblast cells 3. Osteocyte cells Above 3 related to each other 4. Osteoclast cells
39
Osteogenic cells
Function: dividing cells; almost like stem cells; source of other types of bone cells; develops into osteoblasts; makes organic matter unique to bone tissue
40
Osteoblast cells
Function: makes bone tissue; form material unique to bone tissue
41
Osteocyte cells
Function: maintain bone tissue; live in "wells" -lacunae; surrounded by bone tissue
42
Osteoclast cells
Function: break down older bone tissue; bone destroying cells;
43
Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone
1. Diaphysis 2. Epiphysis 3. Metaphysis 4. Periosteum 5. Endosteum
44
Diaphysis (gross anatomy of a long bone)
"hollow tube shaft"; made of compact bone; | medullary cavity - space inside of tube; contains yellow bone marrow
45
Epiphysis (gross anatomy of a long bone)
ends of bones; articular cartilage at end;
46
What make bone lightweight
medullary cavity & spongy bone
47
Metaphysis (gross anatomy of a long bone)
region between diaphysis & epiphysis; contains epiphyseal plate/line
48
Epiphyseal plate (Metaphysis)
hyaline cartilage; young bones; in children & young teens; LENGTHENS LONG BONES
49
Epiphyseal line (Metaphysis)
bone tissue: in adults; doesn't lengthen bone; epiphyseal plate changed over to epiphyseal line
50
Periosteum (gross anatomy of a long bone)
dense CT surrounding outside of bone; for protection; contains osteoblasts & osteoclasts; layer of CT
51
Endosteum (gross anatomy of a long bone)
CT that lines the interior cavities of the long bones; contains osteoblasts (replaces bone tissue) & osteoclasts (breaks down old bone tissue); bone replacement & turnover occurring inside of bone
52
Gross Anatomy of Short, Flat, Irregular, & Sesamoid Bones
- compact bone on outside & spongy bone in middle & bone marrow fills spaces in spongy bone spaces - simple structure - periosteum & endosteum (lines spongy bone cavity)--similar to long bone
53
Red Bone Marrow
produces all blood cells--RBC, WBC, platelets; inside spongy bone cavity
54
Locations (in adults) where red bone marrow is formed
ribs, sternum --flat bones; vertebrae, coxal bone - Irregular bones; head of humerus & head of femur - long bones
55
in a very young child or baby
every single bone has red bone marrow; as child gets older, yellow bone marrow replaces red bone marrow
56
Yellow bone marrow
in medullary cavities; | Location: head, arms, legs, fingers, etc
57
Bone Development (Changes in Bone)
1. Embryonic Development - before birth a. Intramembranous ossification b. Endochondral ossification 2. Post-natal bone growth - after birth a. Interstitial growth b. Appositional growth
58
Ossification
process of bone formation; begins around 8 wks (in womb)
59
Intramembranous ossification (Embryonic development0
forms skull bones; bone tissue forms inside of mesenchyme; osteoblast cells develop & then it gets calcified
60
Mesenchyme
common origin of all CT; embryonic CT; membrane
61
Endochondral ossification (Embryonic development0
occurs @ same time as intramembranous; forms most other bones below the head; starts from HYALINE cartilage; cartilage tissue is broken down & replaced with bone tissue; cartilage is destroyed by calcification; occurs along diaphysis; cartilage--avascular--diff is blood--cartilage & bone; osteoblasts come into spaces & bone tissue is formed; predominant way
62
Interstitial growth (Post natal bone growth)
epiphyseal plate lenghtens bone
63
Appositional growth (Post natal bone growth)
Periosteum thickens bones; growth from surrounding tissue
64
Regulation of bone growth (main hormones necessary for bone growth)
1. Growth hormone - stimulates bone growth in children 2. Sex hormones - 2 functions - a. growth spurt in early teens; rapid growth; b. late puberty - causes epiphyseal plate closure to be converted to bone tissue; EX. testosterone & estrogen
65
Regulation of Blood Calcium
negative feedback; maintains blood levels; maintains homeostasis; 9-11 mg 1. Calcitonin 2. Parathyroid hormone
66
Calcitonin
Function: lower blood calcium; | Side effect on bone: strengthens bone tissue; calcium is too high, this lowers it
67
Parathyroid hormone
Function: raise blood calcium; stimulates osteoclasts activity which breaks down bone tissue & puts in blood Side effect on bone: weakens bone; calcium too low, this raises it
68
Bone deposit
osteoblasts form more bone tissue
69
Bone resorption
osteoclasts break down bone tissue
70
As we get older, bone get thinner; bone resorption occurs more than
bone deposit
71
Osteoporosis
bone resorption occurs much faster than bone deposit; most common bone disorder (not enough calcium in persons body)

A&P 1 - Chap 5 - Chap 12 (2nd test) (8 decks)

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