Chapter 6 - Substance P & Endorphins

Question 1

What kind of substance is substance P?

Answer 1

Neuropeptide (chemical class PPP)

Question 2

What is the function of substance P?

Answer 2

Transmit pain about tissues to the CNS

Question 3

Substance P binds to what receptor?

Answer 3

Neurokinin-1

Question 4

Where can substance P be found?

Answer 4

All organs of the body

Question 5

Substance P acts as a neurotransmitter for what sensation/perception?

Answer 5

Pain and anxiety

Question 6

What effect does substance P have on heart rate?

Answer 6

Increase

Question 7

Does substance P act as a vasodilator or vasoconstrictor?

Answer 7

Vasodilator

Question 8

What effect does substance P have on blood pressure?

Answer 8

Decrease

Question 9

What effect does substance P have on the immune response?

Answer 9

Increase

Question 10

What effect does substance P have on oxygen transport?

Answer 10

Increase

Question 11

What effect does substance P have on cell growth?

Answer 11

Stimulation

Question 12

Substance P increases the secretion of what hormones?

Answer 12

STH (cell growth), LTH, TSH, FSH, LH, ADH

Question 13

Substance P is found in what kind of brain regions?

Answer 13

Those that regulate emotions

Question 14

Substance P is released in what kind of local inflammatory response?

Answer 14

Neurogenic inflammation of certain injuries

Question 15

Substance P is released from sensory nerve fibers in what specific areas?

Answer 15

Skin, muscles, and joints

Question 16

What part of the brainstem has high concentrations of substance P?

Answer 16

Vomiting center of the medulla

Question 17

Substance P has a role in inflammatory diseases of which body systems?

Answer 17

Respiratory, gastrointestinal, and musculoskeletal

Question 18

Substance P is secreted by nerves and what inflammatory cells during inflammatory disease?

Answer 18

Macrophages and lymphocytes

Question 19

What type of fibers are myelinated and respond to heat and touch?

Answer 19

A-delta fibers

Question 20

What type of fibers are unmyelinated and respond to heat and touch?

Answer 20

C fibers

Question 21

What type of fibers are thickly myelinated and respond to light touch?

Answer 21

A beta fibers

Question 22

Where is substance P synthesized?

Answer 22

CNS and PNS

Question 23

What type of fibers are associated with chronic pain?

Answer 23

C fibers (unmyelinated)

Question 24

What type of fibers are associated with acute pain?

Answer 24

A delta fibers (myelinated)

Question 25

What inflammatory conditions can arise from issues with substance P?

Answer 25

Eczema, fibromyalgia, low back pain, arthritis

Question 26

What are some signs of eczema seen on the skin?

Answer 26

Varying redness, bumps, scratching injuries, and lines

Question 27

Deficiency in what mineral is seen in fibromyalgia?

Answer 27

Magnesium

Question 28

Levels of what neurotransmitter is decreased in fibromyalgia?

Answer 28

Serotonin (also hormone imbalances are present)

Question 29

What type of pain is seen with fibromyalgia?

Answer 29

Chronic

Question 30

What elevated substance is seen in the cerebrospinal fluid of those with post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depression?

Answer 30

Substance P

Question 31

What is the function of endorphins?

Answer 31

Inhibit transmission of pain

Question 32

Where are endorphins produced?

Answer 32

Central nervous system (specifically the anterior pituitary gland)

Question 33

What type of substance are endorphins?

Answer 33

Neuropolypeptides

Question 34

Endorphins bind to what kind of receptor?

Answer 34

Opioid

Question 35

What are the three major categories of endorphins?

Answer 35

Beta endorphins, enkephalins, dynorphins

Question 36

How were endorphins discovered?

Answer 36

Natural opioid receptors were discovered when exogenous opiates were introduced into the body

Question 37

What does endorphin mean?

Answer 37

Morphine within

Question 38

What type of endorphin is referred to as the natural painkiller?

Answer 38

Enkephalins

Question 39

What is the function of enkephalins?

Answer 39

Raise pain threshold

Question 40

How is the pain threshold altered with fibromyalgia?

Answer 40

Lowered

Question 41

Research suggests that patients with what kind of ailment have lower pain thresholds?

Answer 41

Chronic fatigue

Question 42

What types of pain may be inhibited by enkephalins?

Answer 42

BOTH emotional and physical pains

Question 43

Besides inhibiting pain, what else can endorphins have an effect on?

Answer 43

Mood and well being

Question 44

What kinds of things can trigger endorphins to produce a euphoric feeling?

Answer 44

Exposure to UV light, eating a great meal, sex, body's reward system

Question 45

What kind of exercise produces an endorphin rush?

Answer 45

Heavy weight training or running (NOT light weight training)

Question 46

What substance is responsible for the feeling of "runner's high"?

Answer 46

Endorphins

Question 47

When are endorphins released during exercise?

Answer 47

When the body goes from an aerobic to anaerobic state

Question 48

What are the brain benefits of exercise?

Answer 48

Increased production of brain chemicals for neuro-repair Improves memory Lengthens attention span Boosts decision making skills Prompts growth of new nerve cells and blood vessels Improves multi-tasking and planning

Question 49

How has exercise been shown to help with chronic neck pain?

Answer 49

Decreased substance P and possibly glutamate Increased beta-endorphin and cortisol levels Therefore: decreased pain intensity and increased pain pressure thresholds

Question 50

How can opioid agonists reduce the risk of developing PTSD?

Answer 50

Inhibition of fear-related memory consolidation

Question 51

The release of beta-endorphins in what location helps cope with stress?

Answer 51

Amygdala

Question 52

How do beta-endorphins help cope with a stressor?

Answer 52

Inhibit the over-activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

Question 53

The release of endogenous enkephalins and nociceptin in what locations can produce anti-stress effects?

Answer 53

Basolateral amygdala and nucleus accumbens