Chapter 6 - Surveys And Observations: Describing What People Do

Question 1

The word _______ is often used when people are asked about a consumer product, whereas the word _____ is used when people ask about their social or political opinions

Answer 1

Survey

Poll

Question 2

_____-_____ questions allow respondents to answer any way they like.

Answer 2

Open-ended

Question 3

_____-_______ questions allow people to give their opinion by picking the best of two or more options.

Answer 3

Forced-choice

Question 4

When response values are labeled with the specific terms strongly agree, agree, neither agree nor disagree, disagree and strongly disagree, it is often called a _____ _____

Answer 4

Likert scale

Question 5

If the response labels are a bit different from the original Likert labels, it may be called a _____-_____ scale

Answer 5

Likert-type

Question 6

Instead of a degree of agreement, respondents might be asked to rate a target using a numeric scale that is anchored with adjectives; this is called a ______ differential format

Answer 6

Semantic

Question 7

A question whose wording leads people to a particular response, showing poor construct validity.

Answer 7

Leading question

Question 8

A question which asked two questions in one, showing poor construct validity.

Answer 8

Double-barreled question

Question 9

One common response set is acquiescence, or ___-______; this occurs when people say “yes” or “strongly agree” to every item instead of thinking carefully about each one.

Answer 9

Yea-saying

Question 10

Playing it safe by answering in the middle of the scale, especially when survey items are controversial is called:

Answer 10

Fence-sittingdsa

Question 11

A phenomenon known as _______ ______ ______ occurs that when respondents are embarrassed, shy or worried about giving an unpopular opinion.

Answer 11

Socially desirable responding.

Question 12

Psychological research has shown that people’s memories about events in which they participated are :

Answer 12

Not very accurate

Question 13

People’s confidence in the accuracy of their memories is _____________ __________ to how accurate the memories actually are.

Answer 13

Virtually unrelated.

Question 14

When a researcher watches people or animals and systematically records how they behave or what they are doing, it is called _________ research.

Answer 14

Observational

Question 15

True or false

Observations can sometimes tell a more accurate story than self reporting.

Answer 15

True

Question 16

The construct validity of observations can be threatened by three problems:
1.
2.
3.

Answer 16

Observer bias
Observer effects
Reactivity

Question 17

Occurs when observers’ expectations influence their interpretation of the participants’ behavior or the outcome of the study.

Answer 17

Observer bias

Question 18

When an observer inadvertently changes the behavior of those they are observing, such as participant behavior changes to match observer expectations.

Answer 18

Observer effects

Question 19

A way to design a study in which the observers are unaware of the purpose of the study and the conditions to which participants have been assigned.

Answer 19

Masked design, or blind design.

Question 20

A change in behavior when study participants know another person is watching.

Answer 20

Reactivity