Chapter 6 terms

Question 1

local governments.

Answer 1

municipalities

Question 2

a term that can refer to both the people responsible for running an organization and the running process itself-the use of numerous resources to accomplish an organizational goal

Answer 2

management

Question 3

the practice of the art and science of war; the occupation of a career military officer

Answer 3

profession of arms

Question 4

traditionally the art and science of moving military forces and keeping them supplied; those inventory, production, and traffic management activities that seek the timely placement of material and personnel at the proper time and in the appropriate quantities.

Answer 4

logistics

Question 5

the ancient Chinese writer whose essays, traditionally published as The Art of War, have influenced all Western military analysts since they were first available in European editions in the late 18th century

Answer 5

Sun-Tzu

Question 6

the nephew of Julius Caesar. He became the first Roman emperor after defeating his rivals Mark Antony and Marcus Brutus in the Civil War that followed his uncle’s assassination in 44 B.C.E.

Answer 6

Augustus Caesar

Question 7

government-sponsored construction projects

Answer 7

public works

Question 8

paramilitary state and local government organizations whose most basic responsibilities include maintaining public order and safety, investigating and arresting persons accused of crimes, and securing the cooperation of the citizenry.

Answer 8

police

Question 9

the Roman senator who was killed by henchmen of Augustus Caesar because he was a republican and Augustus was a murderous dictator.

Answer 9

Marcus Tullius Cicero

Question 10

the uniform of a servant; any identical and identifying item of dress-such as a necktie, scarf, or blazer-worn by members of the same organization

Answer 10

livery

Question 11

the extent of an administrator’s or agency’s responsiblity. .

Answer 11

span of control

Question 12

the concept that each individual in an organization should be accountable to a single superior

Answer 12

unity of command

Question 13

an easy way. The Greek mathematician Euclid in about 300 B.C.E. supposedly told the mathematically challenged Ptolemy I of Egypt that there was no royal road to geometry. There still isn’t!

Answer 13

Royal road

Question 14

a pioneer in developing the “nuts and bolts” of public management technology, she was the author of many groundbreaking works on public sector planning, budgeting, and organization

Answer 14

Catheryn Seckler-Hudson

Question 15

the winner of the 1978 Nobel Prize in economics for his pioneering work in management decision-making

Answer 15

Herbert Simon

Question 16

the American who was the first major academic theorist of nuclear warfare

Answer 16

Bernard Brodie

Question 17

a research design that focuses on the in-depth analysis of a single subject. It is particularly useful for the understanding of dynamic processes over time.

Answer 17

case study

Question 18

a very general term that refers to a society’s change from an agrarian to an industrial economy.

Answer 18

industrial revolution

Question 19

any production process that has individual workers specializing in the varying aspects of a larger task

Answer 19

factory system

Question 20

the study of how people or states use their limited resources to satisfy their unlimited wants; how scarce resources are allocated among competing needs

Answer 20

economics

Question 21

a hands-off style of governance that emphasizes economic freedom so the capitalist invisible hand can work its will

Answer 21

laissez-faire

Question 22

the political convulsions that began in Paris when the citizens stormed the Bastille (a prison) on July 4, 1789. These convulsions have continued ever since.

Answer 22

french revolution

Question 23

a young officer serving as a personal assistant to a general

Answer 23

aide-de-camp

Question 24

an early scientific management advocate whose effort predated and influenced Fredrick W. Taylor.

Answer 24

Henry R. Towne

Question 25

various techniques for establishing time standards for the performance of manual work

Answer 25

time-and-motion studies

Question 26

the federal agency that regulated interstate surface transportation. Established in 1887, it was abolished in 1996.

Answer 26

Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)

Question 27

one of the first management consultants in the United States; known as the”high priest of efficiency” because of his advocacy of eliminating”wanton, wicked waste.”

Answer 27

Harrington Emerson

Question 28

the chain of supervisor’s from the top of an organization to the bottom

Answer 28

scalar chain

Question 29

the spirit or morale of a group; traditionally, the pride that soldiers take in their military units

Answer 29

Espirit de corps

Question 30

that which is generally believed to be true.

Answer 30

conventional wisdom

Question 31

perhaps the most highly honored reformer, researcher, and practitioner of public administration in the United States. Often called the dean of American public administration.

Answer 31

Luther Gullick

Question 32

a general term for all of the academic disciplines that study human and animal behavior by means of experimental research.

Answer 32

behavioral science

Question 33

a group of persons who share a common cause, which puts them into political competition with other groups

Answer 33

interests

Question 34

the German sociologist who produced an analysis of an ideal-type bureaucracy that is still the most influential statement-the point of departure for all further analyses-on the subject

Answer 34

Max Weber

Question 35

a latin phrase meaning “something for something”- initially meaning the exchange of one thing for another. in politics it suggests actions taken, because of some promised action in return

Answer 35

quid pro quo

Question 36

the “bounds” that people put on their decisions. Because truly rational research on any problem can never be complete, humans make decisions on satisfactory as opposed to optimal information

Answer 36

bounded rationality

Question 37

accept a satisfactory and sufficient among of information on which to base a decision. Herbert Simon invented this word to help explain his theory of bounded rationality

Answer 37

satisfice

Question 38

the methodologically rigorous collection, manipulation, and evaluation of data on social units (as small as an organization or as large as a polity) to determine the best way to improve their functioning and to aid a decision maker in selecting a preferred choice among alternatives

Answer 38

systems analysis

Question 39

the bell system executive closely associated with the Harvard Business School, best known for his sociological analyses of organizations that encouraged and foreshadowed the post- World War II behavioral revolution

Answer 39

Chester I. Barnard

Question 40

the founder of Ford Motor Company, which first mass-produced automobiles on a moving assembly line

Answer 40

Henry Ford

Question 41

traditionally, the extent to which an organization accomplishes some predetermined goal or objective; more recently, the overall performance of an organization from the viewpoint of some strategic constituency.

Answer 41

effectiveness

Question 42

the measured relationship between the quantity (and quality) of results produced and the quantity of resources required for production.

Answer 42

productivity

Question 43

the collective attitude of the workforce toward their work environment and a crude measure of the organizational climate.

Answer 43

morale

Question 44

German for “lightning war”, the tactical method used by the German army in the invasion of Poland, France, and the Soviet Union during World War II.

Answer 44

Blitzkrieg

Question 45

the traditional economic model offered by communism wherein all industry is controlled by a central government that makes all decisions and appoints all managers

Answer 45

command economy