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Psycho 104 > Chapter 6 (text) > Flashcards

Chapter 6 (text) Flashcards

1
Q

Consciousness

A

Outlet moment-to-moment awareness of ourselves and our environment; consciousness involves selective attention to on going thoughts, perceptions, and feelings

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2
Q

Cognitive psychologists

A

Reject the notion of the unconscious mind driven by instinctive urges and repressed conflicts. Rather, they view conscious and unconscious mental life as complementary forms of information processing notes

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3
Q

Controlled(effortful) processing

A

Mental processing that requires some degree of volitional control and attentiveness

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4
Q

Automatic processing

A

Mental activities that occur automatically and require minimal or no conscious control or awareness

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5
Q

Divide attention

A

The ability to perform more than one activity a the same time

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6
Q

Awareness

A

Contains three levels:
Conscious
Preconscious
Unconscious

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7
Q

When William James noted that “the mind is at every stage a theatre of simultaneous possibilities…” he was referring to a characteristic of consciousness known as…

A

Selective attention

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8
Q

Selective attention

A

Focuses conscious awareness on some stimuli to the exclusion of others

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9
Q

Physiological measures

A

Provide information, they cannot tell researchers what a person is experiencing subjectively

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10
Q

The most common method for studying consciousness is

A

Self-report

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11
Q

Correspondence between _____ and ________ is established by

A

Bodily processes
Mental states
Physiological measures

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12
Q

The rouge test

A

Is an example of a behavioural measure of consciousness

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13
Q

In a study conducted by Chartrand et al., it was found that participants who were exposed to positive nouns experienced

A

More positive emotions

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14
Q

An inability to visually recognize objects is called

A

Visual agnosia

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15
Q

Blindsight

A

A disorder in which people are blind in part of their visual field yet, in special tests, respond to stimuli in that field despite reporting that they cannot are those stimuli

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16
Q

What type of measures are used to record performances on special tasks?

A

Behaviour

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17
Q

Circadian Rhythms

A

Biological tales within the body that occur on an approximately 24-hour cycle

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18
Q

Suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN)

A

The brain’s master “biological clock,” located in the hypothalamus, that regulates most circadian rhythms in behaviour, hormones, and other physiological parameters

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19
Q

The SCN helps to control the…

A

Pineal gland

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20
Q

The pineal gland secretes….

A

Melatonin

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21
Q

Melatonin

A

A hormone, secreted by the pineal gland, that has a relaxing effect on the body and promotes readiness for sleep

22
Q

A cyclic tendency to become psychologically depressed during certain seasons of the year is known as…

A

Seasonal affective disorder

23
Q

The MOST problematic circadian disruption for society is…

A

Shift work

24
Q

Beta-waves

A

A brain-wave pattern of 15 to 30 cycles per second that is a characteristic of humans who are in an alert waking state

25
Q

Alpha waves

A

A brain-wave pattern of 8 to 12 cycles per second that is a characteristic of humans in a relaxed waking state

26
Q

Delta waves

A

Low-frequency, high-amplitude brain waves that occur in stage 3 sleep and predominate in stage 4 sleep

27
Q

Slow-wave sleep

A

Stages 3 and 4 of sleep, in which the EEG pattern shows large, slow brain waves called delta waves

28
Q

Stage 1 of the sleep stages is marked by the appearance of _____ waves

A

Theta

29
Q

Sleep spindles

A

As sleep becomes deeper, sleep spindles —

30
Q

Eye movements, high arousal, and frequency dreaming characterize

A

REM sleep

31
Q

REM sleep

A

A recurring sleep stage characterized by rapid eye movements, increased physiological arousal, paralysis of voluntary muscles, and a high rate of dreaming

32
Q

Paradoxical Sleep

A

When the body is highly aroused, yet looks as if the person is sleeping peacefully because of little movement, also called REM sleep paralysis

33
Q

The sleep cycle is approximately ___ minutes

A

90

34
Q

Which brain structures are involved in sleep?

A

The pons
The reticular formation
The primary cortex

35
Q

Who sleeps on average 6 hours per night?

A

The Elderly

36
Q

Almost half of the sleep of newborn infants is in…

A

REM

37
Q

Restoration mode

A

The theory that sleep recharges our-run-down bodies and allows us to recover from physical and mental fatigue

38
Q

The evolutionary/circadian sleep model emphasizes that sleeps main purpose is to increase a species’ chance of…

A

Survival

39
Q

The REM rebound effect

A

Describes a tendency to increase the amount of REM sleep after being deprived o it

40
Q

Insomnia

A

A sleep disorder involving chronic difficulty in falling asleep, staying asleep, or experiencing restful sleep

41
Q

Pseudoinsomniacs

A

Complain of insomnia, but sleep normally when examined in the laboratory

42
Q

Narcolepsy

A

A sleep disorder that involves extreme daytime sleepiness and sudden, uncontrollable sleep attacks during waking hours

43
Q

REM-sleep behaviour disorder

A

A sleep disorder in which the loss of muscle tone that causes normal REM-sleep paralysis is absent, thereby enabling sleepers to move about— sometimes violently— and seemingly “act out” their dreams

44
Q

Sleepwalking

A

Typically occurs in stage 3 or 4 period of slow-wave sleep. Sleepwalkers often have blank stares and are unresponsive to other people, but they seem vaguely conscious of the environment as they navigate around furniture, go to the bathroom, or find something to eat

45
Q

Night terrors

A

A disorder in which a sleeper— often feeling a sense of dread or danger— becomes aroused to a near panic state; the sleeper may suddenly sit up, let out a blood-curdling scream, and thrash about or flee to another room, as if trying to escape

46
Q

Wish fulfillment

A

In Freudian theory, the partial or complete satisfaction of a psychological need through dreaming or waking fantasy

47
Q

Activation-synthesis theory

A

The theory that dreams represent the brain’s attempt to interpret random patterns of neural activation triggered by the brain stem during REM sleep

48
Q

Problem-solving dream models

A

The view that dreams can help us find creative solutions to our problems and conflicts because they are not constrained by reality

49
Q

Cognitive-process dream theories

A

Theories that focus on how (rather than why) we dream, and the propose that framing and waking thought are produced by the same mental systems in the brain

50
Q

What is cataplexy?

A

A sudden loss of muscle tone often triggered by excitement and other strong emotions

Psycho 104 (4 decks)

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