Chapter 6 Vocabulary

Question 1

Mechanism by which genes are passed on from parents to offspring

Answer 1

Transmission Genetics

Question 2

Each individual has two copies at every locus in the genome. Disproved blended inheritance

Answer 2

Mendel’s Law: Segregation

Question 3

Genes at one locus are independent of other loci (do not blend)

Answer 3

Mendel’s Law: Independent Assortment

Question 4

Basic unit of heredity

Answer 4

Genes

Question 5

Variation of the same sequence of nucleotides at the same place on a long DNA molecule

Answer 5

Alleles

Question 6

Expressed in heterozygote

Answer 6

Dominant

Question 7

Not expressed in the heterozygote

Answer 7

recessive

Question 8

Offspring is a combination of both parents

Answer 8

particulate inheritence

Question 9

Offspring is a blend of parents

Answer 9

Blended inheritence

Question 10

Instructions contained in a gene that tell a cell how to make a specific protein

Answer 10

genetic code

Question 11

Multiple codons encoding fro one amino acid

Answer 11

redundancy

Question 12

differences in the frequency of occurrence of synonymous codons in coding DNA. (some used more than others)

Answer 12

codon bias

Question 13

Heritable mechanisms that alter gene expression without changes to DNA (phenotype change without genotype change)

Answer 13

Epigenetic inheritance

Question 14

What are the four ways epigenetic inheritance happens?

Answer 14

cell differentiation
genomic imprinting
X inactivation
developmental plasticity (prenatal)

Question 15

often stops transcription by blocking promoters and RNA polymerase

Answer 15

Methylation

Question 16

Influences transcription through decondensation

Answer 16

histone modification

Question 17

functional RNA molecule that is not translated into a protein and serves many roles

Answer 17

NC RNA

Question 18

What are the four sources of variation?

Answer 18

recombination, mutation, migration, lateral genes transfer

Question 19

DNA is broken down and recombined to produce a new combination of alleles

Answer 19

Recombination

Question 20

Creates new versions of genes through many different mechanisms

Answer 20

mutation

Question 21

Movement of individuals or gametes from one population to another (gene flow)

Answer 21

migration

Question 22

Transmission of genes other than the transmission of DNA from parent to offspring (1+2 within population, 3+4 outside population)

Answer 22

Lateral gene transfer

Question 23

ultimate source of variation

Answer 23

mutations

Question 24

Point mutation that results in a premature stop codon

Answer 24

Nonsense

Question 25

Substitution of one base for another, does not change encoded amino acid sequence (silent mutations)

Answer 25

Synonymous mutation

Question 26

Substitution alters the AA sequence

Answer 26

Non-synonymous mutation

Question 27

One or more nucleotide base pairs added into DNA sequence

Answer 27

Insertion

Question 28

Loss of one or more nucleotides from a segment in DNA

Answer 28

Deletion

Question 29

Insertion or deletion changes the reading frame, resulting in a completely different translation from original

Answer 29

Frameshift

Question 30

copy of gene or region of genome

Answer 30

gene duplications

Question 31

segment of chromosome is duplicated

Answer 31

chromosomal duplications

Question 32

pieces of chromosomes are missing, duplicated, or moved around

Answer 32

Chromosomal rearrangements

Question 33

segment of chromosome is turned 180 degrees

Answer 33

inversion

Question 34

Segment of chromosome moves from one chromosome to a nonhomologous chromosome or another place on the same chromosome

Answer 34

translocation

Question 35

whole sets of chromosome changes

Answer 35

ploidy

Question 36

Two hypotheses for mutations

Answer 36

1. Random mutation (correct) 2. ACquired hereditary resistance (incorrect)