chapter 6.1 and 6.2

Question 1

Who was Pavlov and what is he known for?

Answer 1

Pavlov studied digestion using dogs as a model species for his experiments
- classical conditioning of salivation

Question 2

2 types of learning

Answer 2

process of acquiring new and enduring information

• Learning to associate events
• learning to associate ones behaviour to consequences

Question 3

Classical Conditioning

Answer 3

Learning that occurs when a neural stimulus elicits a response that was originally caused by another stimulus

Question 4

stimulus

Answer 4

an external event or cue that elicits a response

Question 5

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

Answer 5

-a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response without learning.

Question 6

Unconditioned Response (UR)

Answer 6

a reflexive, unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 7

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Answer 7

a once neutral stimulus that later elicits a conditioned response because it has a history of being paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 8

Conditioned Response (CR)

Answer 8

The learned response that occurs to the conditioned stimulus.

Question 9

3 steps of the Process of Classical conditioning

Answer 9

Acquisition, Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery

Question 10

Acquisition

Answer 10

the initial phase of learning in which a response is established
- synapsis are strengthened when neutrons fire at the same time, the activity in the amygdala increases as the animal is conditioned

Question 11

Extinction

Answer 11

The loss or weakening of a conditioned response when a conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus no longer occur together

Question 12

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 12

the reoccurrence of previously extinguished conditioned response, typically after some time has passed since extinction

Question 13

Generalization

Answer 13

• The process in which a response that originally occurs to a specific stimulus also occurs to a different, although similar stimuli.
• The Hebb rule: when we perceive a stimulus, it activates not only our brains presentation of that item, but also our representation of related items.

Question 14

Discrimination

Answer 14

-Occurs when an organism learns to respond to one original stimulus but not to new stimuli that may be similar to the original stimulus.

Question 15

Higher order conditioning

Answer 15

a procedure in which the CS is one experience is paired with a different NS to create a second CS

Question 16

Conditioned Emotional Response

Answer 16

consists of emotional and physiological responses that develop to a specific object or situation
- Little Albert

Question 17

Preparedness

Answer 17

the biological predisposition to rapidly to rapidly learn a response to a particular class of stimuli 
- why we fear snakes naturally but not guns

Question 18

conditioned test aversion

Answer 18

in this situation the taste, sight, and smell is the CS. the UR is the experience of feeling sick.
- Aversion involves both a feeling of disgust and or a avoidance response.

Question 19

Conditioned taste aversion

Answer 19

the acquired dislike or disgust of a food or drink because it was paired with illness.

Question 20

Operant Conditioning

Answer 20

A type of learning in which behaviour is influenced by consequences. the term “operant” is used because the individual operates on the environment before consequences can occur.

Question 21

Contingency

Answer 21

A consequence depends upon an action (getting a good grade after studying)

Question 22

Reinforcement

Answer 22

A process in which an event or reward that follows a response increases the likelihood of that response occurring again

Question 23

Reinforcer

Answer 23

A stimulus that is contingent upon a response, and that increases the probability of that response occurring again.

Question 24

difference between reinforcer and reinforcement

Answer 24

reinforcer would be a stimulus like food, whereas reinforcement would be the changes in the frequency of a behaviour like lever pressing that occur as a result as the for reward.

Question 25

Positive reinforcement

Answer 25

the strengthening of behaviour after potential reinforcers such as praise, money, or nourishment follow the behaviour. - laughing at a joke

Question 26

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 26

Involves the strengthening of a behaviour because it removes or diminishes a stimulus. -taking aspirin is negatively reinforced because doing so removes a painful headache

Question 27

Avoidance learning

Answer 27

A specific type of negative reinforcement that removes the possibility that a stimulus will occur. - paying bills on time to avoid fees

Question 28

escape learning

Answer 28

occurs if a response removes a stimulus that is already present - covering our ears when music is too loud.

Question 29

Positive punishments

Answer 29

A process in which a behaviour decreases in frequency because it was followed by a particular, usually unpleasant, stimulus. - cat is sprayed for scratching furniture

Question 30

Negative Punishment

Answer 30

occurs when a behaviour decreases because it removes or diminishes a particular stimulus - like a kid being grounded from tv

Question 31

Primary reinforcers

Answer 31

Consists of reinforcing stimuli that satisfy basic motivational needs. needs the affect an individuals ability to survive. - food, water, shelter

Question 32

Secondary Reinforcers

Answer 32

Consists of stimuli that acquire their reinforcing effects only after we learn that they have value. - money and praise are both examples of secondary reinforcers

Question 33

Discriminative stimulus

Answer 33

a cue or event that indicates that a response, if made, will be reinforced.

Question 34

Shaping

Answer 34

a procedure in which a specific operant response is created by reinforcing successive approximations of that response - is done in a step by step fashion until the desired response is learned

Question 35

Schedules of reinforcement

Answer 35

rules that determine when reinforcement is available

Question 36

continuous reinforcement

Answer 36

every response made results in reinforcement, and learning initially occurs rapidly - vending machines deliver a snack every time the correct amount money is inserted.

Question 37

Partial (intermittent) reinforcement

Answer 37

only a certain number of responses are rewarded, or a certain amount of time must pass before reinforcement is available.

Question 38

what are the 4 types of partial reinforcement schedules

Answer 38

1. Fixed ratio schedule 2. variable-ratio schedule 3. fixed interval schedule 4. variable-intervel schedule

Question 39

fixed-ratio schedule

Answer 39

reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been competed. - a rat may be required to press a lever 10 times to receive food

Question 40

variable-ratio schedule

Answer 40

number of responses required to receive reinforcement varies according to an average - slot machines hold the possibility that some players will be rewarded.

Question 41

fixed interval schedule

Answer 41

reinforces the first response occurring after a set amount of time passes. - if your teacher gives you a test every 3 weeks, you reinforcement for studying is on a fixed interval schedule

Question 42

variable interval schedule

Answer 42

first response is reinforced following a variable amount of time

Question 43

partial reinforcement effect

Answer 43

a phenomenon in which organisms that have been conditioned under partial reinforcement resist extinction longer than those conditioned under continuous reinforcement