Chapter ? Flashcards
S-O-R Model
Stimulus, Organism, Response
• expansion of more limited stimulus-response (S-R)
model
• considers role of cognition (expectations, judgments,
etc.)
Expectancy Model
– specifically applied to classical conditioning
– conscious awareness of expectation that UCS will
follow CS
• Similar mechanisms in operant conditioning
conscious awareness of response-consequence
contingencies
– role for cognition in latent learning aspect of OC
• response occurs at time A, demonstrated at time B (e.g.
being punished the day after breaking a rule)
Cognitive Maps
Sophisticated mental representations of spatial layouts
Insight Learning
sudden perception of useful
relationships
• rapid rate of learning, suggests insight
• contrasts with cats and Thorndike’s puzzle boxes, in
which a gradual rate of learning suggested trial/error
Observational Learning
learning by watching
others
– adaptive (way too slow to learn everything on our own)
Modeling
– Bobo doll experiment: most children that watch adult play
violently with doll emulate aggression
Different Learning Styles
always some individual difference, though little
empirical evidence to support idea that people
learn optimally when taught in ways
consistent with their innate learning ‘styles’,
e.g. visual learner, verbal learner, etc.
– rate/type of learning can relate to factors like
expectations (e.g. placebo effect), familiarity,
preferences, nature of task, etc.
What is Memory?
Memory refers to collection of processes that allow
us to record and retrieve information
• Idea of memory as information processing
Dissociable Memory Systems
Patient ‘H.M.’
– learned how to do something (mirror tracing task)
but had no (explicit) recollection of learning
– early evidence for dissociable memory systems
Model Memory System
• The modal memory system involves three separate (but interacting) components • Draws on widely distributed networks of brain structures (individual components do not correspond to specific brain structures)
Sensory Memory
• Briefly holds
sensory information
Iconic Memory
• stores visual
information
• only lasts for
fractions of seconds
Echoic Memory
stores auditory information • lasts about 2 seconds (partial traces for longer)
