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chapter 6a Flashcards

1
Q

habitat of many numerous organisms

A

soil

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2
Q

source of carbon, energy, and nutrients for most organisms

A

organic matter

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3
Q

numbers, kinds, and activities of these organisms are influenced by

A
  • OM in soil
  • amount and kind of organic materials applied
  • soil texture
  • pH
  • aeration
  • salinity
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4
Q

zone of soil surrounding a plant root where the __ and __ of the soil are influenced by the root.

A

rhizosphere
biology
chemistry

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5
Q

size of rhizosphere
edge

A

1 mm
no distinct edge

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6
Q

shows the relationship among organisms and are constructed directly from comparisons of informational macro-molecules, rRNA

A

phylogenetic tree

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7
Q

bacillus

A

rod shaped cells

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8
Q

cocci

A

spherical cells

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9
Q

spirilla

A

twisted or spiral shaped rods

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10
Q

actinomycetes

A

slender, branching filaments

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11
Q

obligate aerobes

A

obtain energy exclusively by aerobic respiration

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12
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

grow in anaerobic conditions, obtain energy through fermentation

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13
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

can grow in presence or absence of oxygen

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14
Q

aerotolerant anaerobes

A

grows under aerobic and anaerobic conditions

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15
Q

bacteria on trophic level

A

decomposers, 2nd level

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16
Q

bacteria can rapidly metabolize

A

sugars
starch
simple proteins

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17
Q

bacteria decompose on slowly manner

A

lignin
waxes
oils

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18
Q

habitat: most bacteria are

A

mesophiles

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19
Q

mesophiles

A

grow optimally at temp. bet. 15-35 C

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20
Q

thermophiles

A

in excess of 40-50 C (even at 100 C)

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21
Q

acidophiles

A

low pH environment

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22
Q

alkalophic

A

high pH environment

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23
Q

halophiles

A

high salt concentrations

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24
Q

xerophiles

A

dry habitats

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25
nitrogen-fixing bacteria
form symbiotic associations with the roots of legumes
25
nitrogen-fixing bacteria
form symbiotic associations with the roots of legumes
26
nitrifying bacteria
change ammonium to nitrite then to nitrate
27
denitrifying bacteria
convert nitrate to nitrogen or nitrous oxide
28
denitrifiers are
anaerobic
29
actinomycetes
special group of soil bacteria resemble miniature fungus but aren't fungus have aerial mycelium, smaller than that of fungi may produce asexual spores, powdery appearance slow-growing organisms produce antibiotics
30
asexual spores
conidia
31
actinomycetes are sensitive to
low pH, decrease at 6, disappear at 5
32
examples of important antibiotics
streptomycin, neomycin, erythromycin, tetracycline
33
fungi
most abundant organism in soil- mass basis don't contain chlorophyll plant-like bc they have cell walls non-motile reproduced by means of spores
34
hyphae
long threads or strands
35
decomposers
saprphytic fungi: convert dead organisms into fungal biomass, carbon dioxide, organic acid
36
mutualists
mycorrhizal fungi: colonize plant roots
37
ectomycorrhizae
grows on surface layers of soil
38
endomycorrhizae
grows within root cells
39
pathogens
disease-causing, verticullum & phytium
40
mycorrhiza and agri
forms symbiotic relationship with plant roots it links root cells to soil particles
41
vegetative body of fungus
thallus
42
chytrid cells
solitary globose cells with or without root-like filaments, "rhizoids"
43
yeast cells
spherical to ovoid cells divide by budding
44
mycelia
filamentous network of hyphae that branch and grow only by atypical extension
45
protozoa
unicellular, eukaryotic organisms which represents a group in which mitosis and meiosis became established
46
flagellates
smallest member of protozoa
47
chlorophyll bearing
phytomastigophorea
48
non-chlorophyll bearing
zoomastigophores
49
amoeba
can move through protoplasmic flow, extensions called "pseduopodia"
50
ciliates
move by beating short, numerous cilia on the surface of their bodies
51
nematodes
multicellular, eukaryotic, non-segmented roundworms float in fluid-filled cavity do not have respiratory, endocrine, ciculatory
52
classification of nematodes
bacterial feeders fungal feeders predatory nematodes: eat nema and protozoa omnivores: eat variety of organisms
53
what do nematodes do?
nutrient cycling grazing disperse microbes food source disease suppression and development
54
earthworms
tube-shaped segmented animal major decomposers of dead and decomposing OM derive their nutrition on fungi and bacteria on the OM
55
functions of earthworms
stimulate microbial activity mix and aggregate the soil increase soil porosity increase water-holding capacity provide channels for root-growth bury and shred plant residue
56
arthropods
invertebrate and exoskeleton, segmented body and jointed appendages
57
classification of arthropods
shredders predators herbivore fungal feeders
58
shredders
chew up on dead plant matter as they eat bacteria and fungi on the surface of plant ex: millipede
59
predator
feed on other animals ex: spider, beetle, centipede
60
herbivore
root-feeding insects ex: cicadas, mole-crickets
61
fungal feeders
feed on fungi ex: mites, silverfish
62
functions of arthropods
shred OM stimulate microbial activity mix microbes with their food mineralize plant nutrients enhance soil aggregation burrow control pests
63
virus particles
virions
64
classification of viruses
bacterial virus fungal virus plant virus insect virus animal virus

AGRI 51 (11 decks)

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