chapter 7 Flashcards
(36 cards)
What are the three general types of ethics
- Metaethics; 2. Normative ethics; 3. Applied ethic
METAETHICS focuses on universal truths, and where and how ethical principles are developed
NORMATIVE ETHICS focus on the moral standards that regulate behaviors
APPLIED ETHICS focus on specific difficult issues (such as euthanasia)
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Often in healthcare nurses face an uncertain space known as what?
The “grey area” where right or wrong acts is not clear or sharply delineated
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Define Values
Attitudes, ideas, or beliefs that an individual or a group holds and uses to guide behavior; indicate what the individual considers important
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Define Morals
Provide standards of behavior that guide the actions of an individual or social group and are established rules of conduct to be used in situations where a decision about right and wrong must be made
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Define Ethics
Used to reflect what actions an individual should take and maybe “codified” as in the ethical code of a profession
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Define Bioethics
The application of ethical theories and principles to moral issues or problems in health care
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Why did bioethics come into the existence in 1970?
Health care providers began to embrace a holistic view of the patient and the rights of patients, in addition to treating and curing disease
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What is a critical attribute of providing care in a professional setting?
Professional ethics override personal morals and values
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What provides substantial guidance in determining how to respond and act in practice settings when faced with an ethical dilemma?
Professional ethical codes such as that of the ANA provide
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Who are the two important theorist in moral development and reasoning?
Lawrence Kohlberg and Carol Gilligan
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What are Kohlberg’s three level of moral reasoning as a function of cognitive development?
- Pre-conventional; Conventional; Post-conventional
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What is the Pre-conventional level?
Individual is inattentive to the norms of society when responding to moral problems. Instead the individual’s perspective is self centered. At this level, what the individual wants or needs takes precedence over right or wrong.
Stage 1- responds to punishment
Stage2- responds to the prospect of personal reward
(Children younger than 9 years of age, as well as some adolescents and adult criminal offenders)
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What is the Conventional level?
Moral decisions that conform to the expectations of one’s family, group, or society.
Stage 3-based on what is pleasing to others
Stage 4- makes moral choices based on a large notion of what is desired by society
(most adolescents and adults function at this level)
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What is the Post-conventional level?
Involves more independent modes of thinking. The individual has developed the ability to define his or her own moral values.
Part of their moral reasoning and behavior is based on a socially agreed on standard of human rights
(Minority of adults)
Stage 5 and Stage 6
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____ was concerned that ____ did not adequately recognize women’s experiences in the development of moral reasoning.
Gulligan; Kohlberg
(Gilligan described a moral development perspective focused on care; Kohlberg had an orientation toward justice)
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What are Gilligan’s level of moral development?
- Orientation to individual survival; 2. A focus on goodness with recognition of self-sacrifice; 3. the mortality of caring and being responsible for others, as well as self
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What does the term deontology mean?
Obligation or duty
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What did Immanuel Kant believe?
That an act was moral if its motives or intentions were good, regardless of the outcome
(the deontological perspective does not look primarily at the consequences of actions or outcomes; rather , it focuses on the intent of the act)
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What does the term Utilitarianism mean?
Based on a fundamental belief that the moral rightness of an action is determined solely by its consequences
(first developed by David Hume; Stuart Mill had a significant influence on utilitarianism ethics as it is known today)
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What do those who subscribe to utilitarianism ethics believe?
Maximizing the greatest good for the benefit, happiness, or pleasure of the greatest number of people is moral
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What is virtue of ethics?
Tendencies to act, feel, and judge that develop through appropriate training but come from natural tendencies
Virtues are specific traits… honesty, courage, kindness, act
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What is Principalism?
A moral decision-making approach to assess the ethics of research with human subjects in response to the horrific of biomedical research
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What key ethical principles does Principalism use to resolve ethical conflicts or dilemmas?
Beneficence (do good) Nonmaleficence (do no harm) Autonomy (respect for the person's ability to act in his or her own best interests) Justice Fidelity (faithfulness) Veracity (truth telling)
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What are autonomous decisions based on?
- individual’s values; 2. adequate information; 3. freedom from coercion; 4. reason and deliberation
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