Chapter 7 Flashcards
(27 cards)
Cognition?
Mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge
Tools of Thinking?
Imagery, concept, prototype and exemplars
Imagery- mental representation of a sensory
Concept- grouop of objects, people, or events that share common attributes
Prototype- example that embodies the most typical features of a paticular concept
Exemplars- individual instances of a concept that a person has stored in memory from his or her experience
Decision Making?
Process of considering alternatives and choosing from among them
Approaches of decision making?
Systematic decision making, elimination by aspects, heuristics, availablity heuristic, representativeness heuristic, recognition heuristic, framing, intuition and anchoring
SDM- decision after carefully considering all possible alternatives
EBA- alternatives are eliminated in order from the one that satisfies the most factors to the one satisfying the least
H- derived from experience; no guarantee of their accuracy or usefulness
AH- info that comes easily to mind determines the decision that is made
RH- decision based on how closely an object or situation resembles or matches an existing prototype
RecogH- rapid decision based on recognition of one of the alternatives
F- potential gains and losses associated with alternatives are emphasized and influence decision
I- decisions motivated by “gut feeling”
A- decisions influenced by focusing on a single factor, thereby overestimating its importance
Problem-Solving methods?
Trial and error, algorithm, means-end analysis and working backward
T&E- one solution after another is tried until a workable solution is found
A- step-by-step procedure that guarantees a solution to a problem if the algorithm is appropriate and executed properly
MEA- heuristic whereby the current position is compared with the desired goal, and a series of steps are formulated to reach the goal
WB- heuristic whereby the steps needed to solve a problem are discovered by defining the goal and working backward to the current position
Barriers to problem solving?
Functional fixedness and mental set
FF- viewing objects only in terms of their usual functions
MS- applying familiar strategies without considering other approaches
Creativity?
Ability to produce original, appropriate, and valuable ideas. There is a modest correlation between creativity and intelligence
Divergent thinking?
Producing multiple ideas, answers, or solutions to a problem as opposed to a single response
Language?
Form of communication using a system of symbols
Psycholinguistics?
Study of how language is acquired, produced, and used, and how the sounds and symbols of language are translated into meaning
Components of language?
Phonemes, morphemes, syntax, semantics and pragmatics
P- smallest units of sound
M- smalles units of meaning
Sy- grammatical rules for arranging words to form phrases and sentences
S- grammatical rules and pragmatics
P- characteristics of spoken language that help you decipher the social meaning of utterances
Language developments and when do they occur?
Cooing (vowel sounds; ex: “oo”)- 2-4 months
Babbling (vocalization of phonemes; ex: “mama”)- before 6 months
Holophrases- single words, where one word has lost of meaning
Overextension (using a word to a broader range of objects)- around 12 months
Underextension (using a words to a restricted range of objects)- arounds 12 months
Two-word phrases- 18-20 months
Telegraphic speech (short sentences only using essential words)- by 3 years old
Overregularization- inappropriately applying rules for forming plurals and past tenses to irregular nouns and verbs
Perspectives on language learning?
Learning theories, nativist theories and interactionist theories
LT- L is learned through reinforcement (Skinner, 1957) and imitation (Bandura, 1977)
NT- L ability is largely innate (Chomsky, 1957)
INT- both learning and inborn capacity are important for acquiring language (Chapman,2000)
L- language
Intelligence?
Ability to acquire knowledge, to think effectively, and to deal adequately with one’s environment
Theories of intelligence?
Spearman, Thurstone, Guilford, Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences and Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence
S- general intellectual ability, g factor, underlies mental abilities
T- 7 primary mental abilities are involved in all intellectual activities (verbal comprehension, word fluency, number facility, spatial visualization, associative memory, perceptual speed and reasoning)
G- consists of 180 intellectual abilities with 3 dimensions of intellect (mental operations, contents and products)
GTMI- 8 frames of mind (linguistic, logical-naturalistic, mathematical, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, spatial, interpersonal and intrapersonal
STTI- comprises componential, experiential and contextual ability
Two different ways to measure intelligence?
Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale (1905), Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (1939)
BSIS- mental age is determined by the ability to solve problems at the level of a normal child at that chronological age
SBIS- revision of BSIS, which used Stern’s (1914) formula to calculate the IQ [(mental age/chronological age) x 100]
WAIS- first intelligence test for adults
A good test bust be…
- Reliable (same score each time a person takes it)
- Valid (measuring what is supposed to measure)
- Standardized (having a set procedure for administering and scoring)
Norms
Test scores of a large number of people
IQ
A deviation score calculated by comparing a person’s score with scores of others of the same age
Intellectual disability
IQ two or more standard deviations below the mean and severely deficient functioning for one’s age
Giftedness
IQ above 130; exceptionally creative
What did Terman found about Giftedness?
Most gifted people had above-average physical ability, mental health and occupational success
IQ Controversy
Culture-fair intelligence tests and nature-nurture
CFIT- measure intelligence while minimizing cultural biases
NN- debate over whether intelligence and other traits are the primary result of heredity or environment
Nature-nurture controversy
Behavioural genetics- investigates the relative effects of nature and nurture on behaviour and ability
Heritability- an index of the degree to which a trait is due to heredity
