Chapter 7

Question 1

Flexion occurring at the ankle.

Answer 1

Dorsiflexion

Question 2

Extension occurring at the ankle. Pointing the foot downwards.

Answer 2

Plantar flexion

Question 3

A movement in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body.

Answer 3

Abduction

Question 4

Movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline of the body.

Answer 4

Adduction

Question 5

A movement in which the inferior calcaneus (heel bone) moves laterally. The bottom of foot faces outward.

Answer 5

Eversion

Question 6

A movement in which the inferior calcaneus (heel bone) moves medially. Bottom of foot faces inward.

Answer 6

Inversion

Question 7

Adduction of scapulae; shoulder blades move toward the midline.

Answer 7

Scapular retraction

Question 8

Abduction of scapulae; shoulder blades move away from the midline.

Answer 8

Scapular protraction

Question 9

Downward (inferior) motion of the scapulae.

Answer 9

Scapular Depression

Question 10

Upward (superior) motion of the scapulae.

Answer 10

Scapular elevation

Question 11

Anatomic Location: Relatively closer to the midline of the body

Answer 11

Medial

Question 12

Anatomic Location: Relatively farther away from the midline or toward the outside of the body

Answer 12

Lateral

Question 13

Anatomic Location: Positioned on the opposite side of the body

Answer 13

Contralateral

Question 14

Anatomic location: Position on the same side of the body

Answer 14

Ipsilateral

Question 15

Anatomic location: Positioned on or toward the back of the body

Answer 15

Posterior

Question 16

Anatomic location: Positioned nearest to the center of the body or other identified reference point.

Answer 16

Proximal

Question 17

Anatomic location: Positioned farthest from the center of the body or other identified reference point

Answer 17

Distal

Question 18

Anatomic location: Positioned below an identified reference point

Answer 18

Inferior

Question 19

Anatomic location: Positioned above an identified reference point

Answer 19

Superior

Question 20

Force is produced, muscles tension is developed, and movement occurs through a given range of motions. _____________ actions are subdivided into concentric and eccentric muscle actions.

Answer 20

Isotonic

Question 21

Muscle tension is created without a change in muscle length and no visible movement of the joint

Answer 21

Isometric

Question 22

The speed of movement is fixed, and resistance varies with the force exerted. It requires sophisticated training equipment often seen in rehabilitation or exercise physiology laboratories.

Answer 22

Isokinetic

Question 23

The primary muscle providing force for a movement. Ex) The gluteus maximus is the ___for hip extension (squats)

Answer 23

Agonists

Question 24

Muscles that assist agonist to produce a movement. A.K.A. Buddy System. Ex) The biceps brachii assist the latissmus dorsi during a pull-up.

Answer 24

Synergists

Question 25

Muscles that contract isometrically to stabilize the trunk and joints as the body moves. Ex) The transversus abdominis (a deep abdominal muscle), internal obliques, and multifidus (deep muscles of the spine) stabilize the LPHC during hip extension (i.e. squats)

Answer 25

Stabilizers

Question 26

Muscles on the opposite side of a joint that are in direct opposition of agonist muscles. Ex) During the elbow flexion, the triceps become the antagonist to the biceps (i.e. bicep curls)

Answer 26

Antagonists

Question 27

When the distal segments (like hands or feet) are fixed and remain in contact with a stationary surface. Ex) Push-ups, pull-ups, squats, lunges

Answer 27

Closed-chain exercises

Question 28

When the distal segments (hands and feet) are NOT fixed, and they are free to move in space. They are nonweight-bearing. Tends to focus on isolating the prime mover muscles. Ex) Bicep curls, lat pulldowns, bench presses, leg curls, leg exentsions

Answer 28

Open-Chain Exercises

Question 29

The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length.

Answer 29

Length-tension relationship

Question 30

When a muscle’s resting length is too short or too long, reducing the amount of force it can produce. (Muscle Imbalance)

Answer 30

Altered length-tension relationship

Question 31

When an agonist receives a signal to contract, its functional antagonist also receives an inhibitory signal allowing it to lengthen.

Answer 31

Reciprocal inhibition

Question 32

Occurs when an overactive agonist muscle decreases the neural drive to its functional antagonist.

Answer 32

Altered reciprocal inhibition

Question 33

The synergistic action of multiple muscles working together to produce movement around a joint.

Answer 33

Force-couple relationship