Chapter 7-12

Question 1

Lipids

Answer 1

Carbon-containing compounds
(fats, waxes, sterols, and phospholipids)
Nonpolar/hydrophobic

Question 2

3 most important types of lipids

Answer 2

fats, steroids, phospholipids

Question 3

Steroids

Answer 3

ring structure with variable functional group

Question 4

Phospholipids

Answer 4

consist of glycerol that is linked to a phosphate group and two other hydrocarbon chains

Question 5

Phospholipids Bilayers

Answer 5

does not dissolve in water

can interact with hydrophilic head, NOT hydrophobic tails

Question 6

Phospholipids

Answer 6

adapts 2 shapes in water:
micelles
lipid bilayers

Question 7

Short lipid bilayers

Answer 7

unsaturated, higher permeability

Question 8

long lipid bilayers

Answer 8

saturated, lower permeability

Question 9

3 mechanisms of membrane transport

Answer 9

• diffusion and osmosis
• facilitated diffusion
• active transport

Question 10

facilitated diffusion

Answer 10

channel proteins, carrier proteins, transporters

Question 11

active transport

Answer 11

pump proteins, moves materials against their concentration gradient and requires energy provided by ATP or an electrochemical gradient

Question 12

Passive transport

Answer 12

moving materials down their concentration gradient and do not require an input of energy

Question 13

Which transport requires energy to move across the cell membrane?

Answer 13

Active

Question 14

Which transport does not require energy to move across the cell membrane?

Answer 14

Passive

Question 15

Osmosis

Answer 15

the diffusion of water from high to low/solvent concentration.

Question 16

hypertonic

Answer 16

higher solute concentration, excess-tone, lower water

water out of cell, cell shrinks

Question 17

hypotonic

Answer 17

lower solute concentration, lower tone, higher water

water into cell, cell bursts

Question 18

isotonic

Answer 18

2 solutions with equal solute concentrations

Question 19

amphipathic proteins

Answer 19

anchored in lipid bilayers

Question 20

transport properties

Answer 20

the transmembrane proteins transport molecules

Question 21

What are the 3 broad classes of transport proteins?

Answer 21

• channel proteins
• carrier proteins/transporters
• active transport (pump proteins)

Question 22

Protein Transport 1

Answer 22

Gated Channels: channel proteins are highly selective and highly regulated

Question 23

Protein Transport 2

Answer 23

Carrier proteins or transporter do not require energy and move molecules across the membrane

Question 24

Protein Transport 3

Answer 24

active transport moves ions and molecules against their electrochemical gradients

Question 25

What does all cells have in them?

Answer 25

nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, plasma membrane

Question 26

Morphology

Answer 26

Two broad groupings of life: - prokaryotes - eukaryotes

Question 27

prokaryote

Answer 27

has NO nucleus

Question 28

eukaryote

Answer 28

has a nucleus

Question 29

Phylogeny

Answer 29

``` evolutionary history (3 domains): -bacteria (prokaryote) -archaea (prokaryote) -eukarya (eukaryote) ```

Question 30

4 ket differences b/w eukaryotic and prokaryotic

Answer 30

1. chromosomes are found inside the membrane 2. much larger cells 3. extensive amount of internal membrane and organelles 4. diverse and dynamic cytoskeleton

Question 31

compartmentalization

Answer 31

1. separates incompatible chemical reactions 2. increases efficiency in 2 ways: - maintenance of high concentrations of reactants - cluster enzymes and reactants together thus shorting the diffusion distance

Question 32

Animal Cells

Answer 32

- golgi apparatus - centrolies - lysosomes - mitochondria - ribosomes - cell membrane - south ER - rough ER - nucleus - cytoskeleton - peroxisome

Question 33

Plant Cells

Answer 33

- vacolues - chlorplasts - cell wall - cell membrane - golgi apparatus - nucleus - cytoskeleton - south ER - rough ER - peroxisome - mitochondria - ribosomes

Question 34

nucleus

Answer 34

stores information

Question 35

ribosomes

Answer 35

protein synthesis

Question 36

rough ER

Answer 36

protein synthesis and processing

Question 37

smooth ER

Answer 37

lipid synthesis and processing

Question 38

golgi apparatus

Answer 38

protein, lipids, and carbohydrates processing

Question 39

lysosomes

Answer 39

digestion and recycling

Question 40

vacuoles

Answer 40

storage of oils, carbohydrates water and toxics