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Reproduction > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What does reproductive cyclicity provide females with?

A

repeated chances for pregnancy

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2
Q

What are the two type of reproductive cycles?

A

estrous and menstrual cycle

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3
Q

When does the female enter the estrous cycle/occur?

A

after puberty/between successive periods of sexual receptivity

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4
Q

What interrups cyclicity?

A

pregnancy, nursing, the season of the year, inadequate nutrition, stressful environmental conditions, pathologic conditions - uterin infection, mummified fetus

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5
Q

When does estrous cycles start and end?

A

estrus (heat) and the subsequent next estrus

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6
Q

What are periods of time when estrous cycles cease/cyclicity stops called?

A

anestrus (pregnancy occurs)

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7
Q

What happens if conception from copulation doesn’t occur?

A

another estrous cycle begins

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8
Q

When does anestrus end?

A

after parturition (giving birth), uterine involution, and lactation

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9
Q

Estrual?

A

female in estrus

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10
Q

How does the word season describe a reproductive cycle?

A

several estrous cycles that occur during a certain season of the year (cyclicity)

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11
Q

Adjective is spelled with what?

A

ous

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12
Q

Noun is spelled with what?

A

us

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13
Q

What are the three types of estrous cyclicity?

A

polyestrous, seasonally polyestrous, monoestrus

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14
Q

What are estrous cycles categorized by?

A

the frequency of occurrence throughout the year

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15
Q

Polyestrus animals are?

A

Cattle, swine, rodents

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16
Q

Seasonal polyestrus animals are?

A

sheep, goats, mares, deer, and elk

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17
Q

Monoestrus animals are?

A

dogs, wolfs, foxes, bears

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18
Q

Polyestrus cycle type?

A

a uniform distribution of estrous cycles throughout the year

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19
Q

Two types of seasonal polyestrus cycles?

A

short and long day breeders

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20
Q

Seasonal polyestrus type?

A

cluster of estrous cycles that occur only during a certain season of the year

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21
Q

Short day breeder animals?

A

sheep and goats

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22
Q

Short day breeders cycle when?

A

autumn breeding season

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23
Q

Long-day breeder animals?

A

mare

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24
Q

Long-day breeders cycle when?

A

spring breeding season

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25
Q

Monoestrus cycle type?

A

one estrous cycle per year

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26
Q

Monoestrus cycle last serveral days? True or False.

A

True

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27
Q

What are the two major phases of the estrous cycle?

A

follicular and luteal phase

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28
Q

follicular phase occurs when/how much of estrous cycle?

A

the period of the regression of corpora lutea to ovulation (20%)

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29
Q

luteal phase occurs when/how much of estrous cycle?

A

from ovulation until corpora lutea regression (80%)`

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30
Q

What is the primary ovarian structure of the follicular phase?

A

large antral follicles

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31
Q

What is the primary hormone secreted by these follicles?

A

estradiol

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32
Q

What is the primary ovarian structures of the luteal phase?

A

corpora lutea

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33
Q

What is the primary hormone secreted by the corpora lutea?

A

progesterone

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34
Q

What other four phases can estrous be divided into that are subdivision of the two major ones?

A

proestrus, estrus, metestrus, diestrus

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35
Q

Follicular phase subdivisions?

A

proestrus + estrus

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36
Q

Luteal phase subdivisions?

A

metestrus + diestrus

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37
Q

Proestrus is what?

A

a period immediately preceding (before) estrus

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38
Q

Ovulation happens when?

A

After follicular phase, before luteal phase

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39
Q

Proestrus starts and ends when?

A

when progesterone declines due to luteolysis (destruction of the corpus luteum)

ends when onset of estrus starts

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40
Q

Proestrus has what major endocrine transition?

A

high progesterone dominance to estradiol dominance

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41
Q

What hormones are responsible for proestrus transition?

A

pituitary gonadotropins, FSH, and LH

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42
Q

What does it mean when the female’s willingness to accept the male increases?

A

standing estrus

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43
Q

mating posture occurs during standing estrus?

A

lordosis

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44
Q

What is the dominant hormone during the estrus stage?

A

estradiol

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45
Q

What is the most recognizable stage of the estrous cycle due to its visible behavioral symptoms such as mating and sexual receptivity?

A

estrus

46
Q

What examples of female showing sexual receptivity?

A

locomotion, phonation, and mounting attempts

47
Q

What stage of estrous forms the corpus luteum?

A

metestrus

48
Q

What period is metestrus between?

A

ovulation and formation of the corpora lutea

49
Q

What transition happens in regards to hormone dominance during the metestrus?

A

estradiol to progesterone

50
Q

What forms during metestrus?

A

the corpus luteum (corpora lutea) via luteinization

51
Q

What is the longest stage of the estrous cycle?

A

diestrus

52
Q

What is fully functional during diestrus?

A

CL

53
Q

When does diestrus end?

A

when the CL is destroyed (luteolysis)

54
Q

What causes estradiol secretion?

A

the secretion of gonadotropins FSH and LH courtesy of. the GnRH neurons firing to release GnRH at high quantitites

55
Q

What is the different estrous cycle stage sequence for the bitch?

A

anestrus, proestrus, estrus, and diestrus

56
Q

What signals the onset of proestrus for the bitch?

A

drop in blood FSH and vaginal discharge

57
Q

What signals the onset of estrus during the proestrus phase for the bitch?

A

estradiol peak

58
Q

What decreases during estrus for the bitch?

A

estradiol, FSH, and LH

59
Q

What increases during the latter part of estrus?

A

progesterone

60
Q

What occurs during estrus for the bitch?

A

ovulation and fertilization

61
Q

What are pregnant bitches considered in?

A

diestrus

62
Q

What are the stages of the estrous cycle?

A

proestrus, estrus, postestrus, diestrus and anestrus

63
Q

What is the difference between true anestrus and apparent anestrus?

A

insufficient hormonal stimuli (GnRH release) and failure to recognize pregnancy/estrus

64
Q

What can anestrus be caused by?

A

pregnancy, lactation, presence of offspring, seasons, stree

65
Q

What certain breed will show estrous behavior during pregnancy?

A

sheep

66
Q

If copulation doesn’t occur during estrus what phase does the queen enter?

A

postestrus

67
Q

What is the purpose of seasonal anestrus?

A

preventing females from conceiving during periods of the year when survival probability of neonate is low.

68
Q

What controls the transition of seasonal breeder from cyclic state to anestrus state?

A

photoperiod

69
Q

When ovulation is not preceded or accompanied by behavioral estrus, what is this referred to?

A

silent ovulation

70
Q

Is the first ovulation after seasonal anestrus accompanied by a behavioral estrus?

A

no

71
Q

What happens after seasonal anestrus?

A

developing follicle ovulates through slent ovulation

72
Q

What does the progesterone from the Cl of the ovulating follicle do?

A

prime the brain

73
Q

After this priming, what causes the first behavioral estrus?

A

estradiol

74
Q

What are the two primary factors that influence the onset of the breeding season?

A

photoperiod (day length) and temperature

75
Q

Review the figure 7-7 on pg. 150

A

Done

76
Q

What are the RFRP-3 neurons derived from?

A

RF - amide-related proteins
R - amino acid arginine
P - amino acid phenylalanine

77
Q

How does RFRP-3 affect long-day breeders?

A

stimulates groupings of kisspeptin neurons in the hypothalamus and they secrete high levels of kisspeptin-10 that will act on the GnRH neurons to stimulate gonadotropin release and start the cycle.

78
Q

How does RFRP-3 affect short-day breeders?

A

RFRP-3 inhibits kisspeptin neurons which thus reduces the secretion of kisspeptin-10 and the action on GnRH neurons to stimulate FSH and LH release.

79
Q

What do females nursing their young experience?

A

lactational anestrus

80
Q

What animals don’t experience lactational anestrus?

A

alpaca and mare

81
Q

What number of suckling sessions per day causes anestrus?

A

greater than 2

82
Q

What type of effect does suckling operate in?

A

a threshold manner, not a continuum

83
Q

Is mammery stimulation totally responsible for lactational anestrus?

A

no

84
Q

What is the evidence that neural stimulation of the mammary gland does not inhibit gonadotropin release in the cow?

A

Intact cow and mammary denervated (transection of the nerves to the mammary gland) cow both have the same LH patterns when ad liberal suckling happens

85
Q

What are the factors that may be the reasons for the inhibition of GnRH during the postpartum period (lactational anestrus)?

A

visual (sight), olfactory (smell), auditory (sound) encounters with offspring

86
Q

Does lactational anestrus technically exist in the bitch?

A

no

87
Q

What can result from a negative energy/protein balance in females?

A

sustained periods of anestrus (nutritional anestrus)

88
Q

What are primiparous females and what is common with them when they receive inadequate nutrition?

A

given birth for the first time and prolonged lactational anestrus

89
Q

What is the most difficult to manage from a reproductive standpoint?

A

primiparous females

90
Q

What are menses?

A

menstruation (menstrual periods) that is defined as the sloughing of the endometrium to the exterior

91
Q

How much does the follicular phase occupy during the menstrual cycle?

A

50%

92
Q

in a menstrual cycle?

A

in the middle of the cycle

93
Q

How do we define the menstrual cycle?

A

events betw`een the onset of two successive menstural periods

94
Q

Follicular phase means>

A

follicle development

95
Q

How long do menses, proliferative, and secretory phases last?

A

5 days, 9 days, 14 days

96
Q

What are the two phases of the menstrual cycle?

A

follicular and luteal phase

97
Q

What do the proliferative and secretory phases bring?

A

an increase in the thickness of the endometrium due to estradiol and progesterone from the CL

98
Q

What initiates another menstrual period?

A

luteolysis

99
Q

What is the human equivalent of anestrus?

A

amenorrhea

100
Q

What can cause amenorrhea?

A

menopause, low nutritional intake, lactation

101
Q

What is menopause?

A

depletion of follicles within hte ovary that secrete estradiol and progesterone after ovulation

102
Q

What is cyclicity driven by?

A

ovarian steroids

103
Q

What type of people experience amenorrhea often?

A

female marathon runners

104
Q

What is absent in amenorrhea?

A

menses

105
Q

Are nutritional aspects important when it comes to cyclicity?

A

yes

106
Q

What are places that experience retardation of cyclicity more than others?

A

India and Sri Lanka

107
Q

What is the physiologic mechanism causing lactational amenorrhea?

A

high prolactin

108
Q

Do women that are not lactating begin menstruating sooner than lactating women?

A

yes

109
Q

is delayed in postpartum women even without suckling stimulus due to what sensory inputs?

A

tactile, auditory, visual, olfactory

110
Q

Review Table 7-2, pg, 156

A

done

111
Q

suckling is what?

A

teat stimulation

Reproduction (11 decks)

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