chapter 7 Flashcards
(128 cards)
1
Q
how many bones in axial
A
80
2
Q
how many bones in appendicular
A
126
3
Q
how many bones in the human body
A
206
4
Q
5 type of bones
A
- long bone
- short bone
- flat bones
- irregular bones
- sesamoid
5
Q
long bone
A
-slightly curved for strength
-ex. femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, ulna, radius, phalanges
6
Q
short bones
A
-cube shape, even width and length
-consists mostly of spongy bone, covered in thin layer of compact bone
-ex. carpal bone, tarsal bone
7
Q
flat bone
A
-thin
-composed of 2 nearly parallel plates of compact bone tissue enclosing a layer of spongy tissue
8
Q
irregular bones
A
-complex shapes
-both spongy and compact
-ex. vertebrae, hip bone, facial bones, calcaneus
9
Q
sesamoid bones
A
-in certain tendons where there is friction, tension and physical stress
-protect the tendons from wear and tear, change the direction of pull of tendon which improves mechanical advantage
-# vary from person to person
-ex. patella
10
Q
surface markings
A
depressions and openings
processes
11
Q
depressions and openings
A
allows passage of soft tissue (nerves, blood vessels, ligaments. or tendons) or formation of joints
12
Q
fissure
A
-narrow slit between adjacent parts of bones where blood vessels/ nerves pass
-ex. superior orbital fissure of sphenoid bone
13
Q
foramen
A
-opening through which blood vessels, nerves or ligaments pass
-ex. optic foramen of sphenoid
14
Q
fossa
A
shallow depression
-ex. coronoid fossa of humerus
15
Q
sulcus
A
furrow along bone surface that accommodates blood vessels, nerves, tendons
-ex. inter-tubular sulcus of humerus
16
Q
meatus
A
tubelike opening
-ex. external auditory meatus of temporal bone
17
Q
processes
A
projections/outgrowths on bone that form joints/attachment point for connective tissue
18
Q
processes for joints
A
condyle
facet
head
19
Q
processes for attachment for connective tissue
A
crest
epicondyle
line
spinous process
trochanter
tubercle
tuberosity
20
Q
condyle
A
large, round protuberance with a smooth articular surface at the end of the bone
-ex. lateral condyle of femur
21
Q
facet
A
smooth, flat, slightly concave/convex articular surface
-ex. superior articular facet of vertebrae
22
Q
head
A
usually rounded articular projection supported on neck of bone
-ex. head of femur
23
Q
crest
A
prominent ridge/elongated projection
-ex. iliac crest of the hip
24
Q
epicondyle
A
typically roughened projectile above condyle
-ex. medial epicondyle of femur
25
line
long, narrow ridge or border
-ex. linea aspira of femur
26
spinous process
sharp, slender projection
-ex.spinous process of vertebrae
27
trochanter
very large projection
-ex. greater trochanter of femur
28
tubercle
variably sized round projection
-ex. greater tubercle of humerus
29
tuberosity
variably sized projection that has rough, bumpy surface
-ex. ischial tuberosity of hip
30
how many bones in the skull
22
31
2 skull categories
cranial and facial
32
cranial bones
-protect the brain
-8 cranial= frontal, 2 parietal, 2 temporal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid
33
facial bones
-14 facial
-2 nasal, 2 maxilla, 2 zygomatic, mandible, 2 lacrimal, 2 palatine, 2 inferior nasal conchae, vomer
34
function of skull
-stabilizes the positions of brain, blood vessels , lymphatic vessels and nerves through the attachment of their inner surface to membrane
-protect brain
-outer surfaces provide area for muscle attachment to move head
-form several smaller cavities: nasal cavity and orbits, paranormal sinus, middle ear cavity
35
what is frontal bone made of
-forehead
-roof of orbits
-most of anterior part if cranial floor
-frontal squama
-supraorbital margin
-frontal sinuses
36
how is frontal bone united
metopic suture which disappears after age 6-8
37
frontal squama
plate that forms forehead
38
supraorbital margin
superior border of orbits thicken
39
frontal sinuses
deep to frontal squama
40
parietal bones
-2 of them form the greater portion of sides of roof of cranial cavity
-internal surfaces contain protrusions and depressions that accommodate the blood vessels supplying the dua mater, superficial connective tissue covering the brain
41
temporal bone
form interior lateral aspects of cranium and part of cranial floor
42
temporal squama
forms anterior and superior part of the temple
43
zygomatic process
articulates with temporal process of zygomatic bone
44
zygomatic arch
zygomatic process and temporal process
45
mandibular fossa
inferior posterior surface of zygomatic process
46
tempormandibular joint
mandibular fossa and articular tubercle articulate with mandible
47
mastoid portion
posterior and inferior to external auditory meatus
48
mastoditis
middle ear infection spread to mastoid air cells
49
mastoid process
rounded projection of mastoid portion of the temporal, point of attachment for neck muscles
50
internal auditory meatus
opening where facial nerves and vestibulocochlear nerve pass
51
styloid process
point of attachment for muscles and ligaments of tongue and neck
52
stylomastoid foramen
facial nerve and stylomastoid artery pass
53
petrous portion
base of skull, houses internal ear and middle ear, contains carotid foramen
54
occipital bone
posterior part of cranium
-includes foramen magnum, occiital condyles, antlanto-occipital joint, external occipital protuberance
55
foramen magnum
inferior, medulla oblongata connects with spinal cord here
56
occipital condyles
oval processes with convex surfaces on side of foramen magnum
57
antlanto-occipital joint
occipital condyle articulates with depression on 1st cervical (atlas) vertebrae allows you to nod yes
58
external occipital protuberance
most prominent midline projection on posterior side
59
sphenoid bone
-middle part of base of skull
-articulates with all cranial bones and holds them together
-resembles butterfly
-sella turica (dorsum sellae, tubercalum sellae) and hypophyseal fossa
60
ethmoid bone
-delicate, located in anterior part of cranial floor
-sponge like appearance
61
what does the ethmoid bones form
1. anterior portion of cranial floor
2. meidal wall of orbits
3. superior portion of nasal septum
4. most of the superior sidewalls of nasal cavity
62
facial bones
-nasal bones
-lacrimal bones
-palatine bones
-inferior nasal conchae
-vomer
-maxilae
-zygomatic bones
-mandible
63
nasal bones
small, flattened, rectangular shaped bones that form bridge of nose
-protect entry to nasal cavity and provide attachment for thin muscles
64
lacrimal bones
-thin and resemble a fingernail in size and shape
-smallest bone of the face
-posterior and lateral to nasal bone
-form part of medial wall of each orbit
-have fossa s that hold lacrimal sacs (tears)
65
palatine bones
-2 L shaped
form posterior portion of the hard palate, part of floor and lateral wall of nasal cavity and small portion of floor orbits
-posterior portion formed by horizontal plates
66
inferior nasal conchae
-2 scroll like bones form part of the inferior lateral wall of nasal cavity and project onto nasal cavity
-help filter air before lungs, only superior nasal involved in smell
67
vomer
-triangular shape on floor of nasal cavity
-articulates superiorly with perpendicular plate of ethmoid and sphenoid
-inferiorly with both maxilla and palatine
-forms inferior nasal septum
68
maxillae
-upper jaw bone, articulates with every facial bone except mandible
-form part of floor of orbits, part of lateral walls and floor of nasal cavity and most of hard palate (roof of mouth)
-contains maxillary sinus , alveolor process and palatine process, infraorbital foramen
69
zygomatic bones
-2 cheekbones
-form prominence of cheeks and part of lateral wall and floor of each orbit
-articulates with frontal, maxilla, sphenoid and temporal and zygomatic process of zygomatic arch
70
mandible
-lower jaw
-largest and strongest facial bone
-only moveable skull bone
-consist of curved, horizontal body and 2 perpendicular portion, rami
-each ramus has posterior condylar process which articulate with mandibular fossa and articular tubercle to form TMJ
(anterior coronoid process)
-contain mental foramen (injection site of dentists) and mandibular foramen
71
nasal septum 3 components
vomer, septal cartilage and perpendicular plates of ethmoid bone
72
3 cranial bones of orbit
frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid
73
4 facial bones of orbit
palatine, zygomatic, lacrimal, maxilla
74
roof of orbit
parts of frontal and sphenoid
75
lateral wall of orbit
parts of zygomatic and sphenoid
76
medial wall
parts of maxilla, lacrimal, ethnoid, sphenoid
77
floor
maxilla, zygomatic and palatine
78
5 optic openings
1. optic formen: junction of roof and medial wall
2.superior orbital fissure: superior lateral angle of apex
3. inferior orbital fissure: junction of lateral wall and floor
4. supraorbital foramen: medial side of supraorbital margin of frontal bone
5. lacrimal fossa: lacrimal bone
79
sutures
immoveable joint that holds skull together (not in children)
80
4 sutures
1. coronal suture: unite frontal and 2 parietal
2. sagittal suture: unite 2 parietal bones on superior midline of skull
3. lambdoid: unites 2 parietal bones to occipital bone
4. 2 squamous: flat, unite parietal and temporal bones on lateral side of skull
81
paranasal sinuses
-cavities in certain cranial and facial bones near nasal cavity
-lined with mucus membrane
-allows skull to increase in size without change in mass
-increase surface area which helps moisten and clean air
82
where are paranasal sinuses mostly found
in sagital section
83
Fontanels
regions of connective tissue between incomplete developed cranial bones that were unossified mesenchyme in fetus and newborns
-create soft spot on flexibility in fetal skull
-eventually replaced by bone in intramembraneous ossification
84
Hyoid Bone
- U shaped
-component of axial skeleton because it doesn't articulate with any other bone
-suspended by ligaments and muscles from styloid process of temporal bones
-located in anterior neck between mandible and larynx
-supports tongue
85
in early development how many vertebrae?
33
86
adult vertebrae number
26 because the sacral and coccygeal fuse
87
kinds of vertebrae
7 cervical (moveable)
12 thoracic (moveable)
5 lumbar (moveable)
1 sacrum (5 fused sacral)
1 coccyx (4 fused coccygeal)
88
convex and secondary vertebrae
cervical and lumbar
89
concave and primary
thoracic and sacral
90
what does the curve of vertebrae do?
helps strengthen, balance, and absorb shock, protect
91
curve in fetus vertebrae
single anterior concave curve
92
intervertebral discs are what % of height
25%
93
what do intervertebral disc consist of
-have outer fibrous ring consisting of annulus fibrosis and nucleus pulposus
-superior and inferior surface consist of hyaline cartilage
-
94
what do intervertebral discs do
-absorb shock
-under compression flatten and broaden
95
why are you shorter at night
during day discs compress and lose water
96
why do you lose height with age
due to bone loss in vertebral body
97
vertebral body
-thick, disc shape anterior portion
-weight bearing part
-superior and inferior roughened for intervertebral disc attachment
-anterior and lateral surface contain nutrient formina
98
vertebral arch
-unison of 2 pedicles projecting posteriorly from vertebral body and arch surround spinal cord forming vertebral foramen
99
what does a vertebral foramen consist of
spinal cord, adipose tissue , areolar connective tissue and blood vessels
100
how many processes from vertebral arch
7
101
which vertebral processes arise from the vertebral arch and provide attachment for muscles?
spinous process and 2 transverse process
102
which vertebral processes arise from the vertebral arch and form joints with other vertebrae?
2 superior articular processes and 2 inferior articular processes
103
cervical vertebrae
smaller
vertebrae arches are larger
104
how many foramina in cervical vertebrae
3: 1 vertebral foramen and 2 transverse foramina
105
Atlas
-C1
-ring of bone with anterior and posterior arches
l-arge lateral masses
-no spinous process or body
-atlantoccipital joint
106
what does the atlantoccipital joint do
nod yes
107
axis
-C2
-does have a body
-peglike process: odontoid process
-pivots on atlas and head rotates
-atlantoaxial joint
108
C3-C6 struture
typical vertebral structure
109
C7 structure
promines: large non bifid spinous process, base of neck
110
thoracic vertebrae
larger and stronger than cervical
spinous process on T1- T10 are long and laterally flat and directed inferiorly
-T11-T 12 are shorter, broaden and directed posteriorly
-longer and larger transverse process
111
costal facets
: articular surface for ribs, not on T11 and T12
112
Lumbar vertebrae
-largest and strongest
-projections are short and thick
-superior articular processes directed medially, inferior articular process laterally
113
Sacrum
-triangular shaped
-not moveable
-fuse at 16-18 complete by 30
-female sacrum are wider and shorter
-includes sacral promontory, sacroiliac joint and lumbosacral joint
114
coccyx
-triangular shaped
-not moveable
-fuse at 20-30
-point inferiorly in women, anteriorly in men
115
Sternum
-center of anterior thoracic wall
116
3 parts of sternum
1. superior part: manubrium
2. middle/largest: body
3 inferior/smallest= xiphoid process
117
junction of manibrium and body
sternal angle
118
manubrium depression on superior surface
suprasternal notch
119
manubrium depression on lateral surface
clavicular notches
120
sternoclavicular joint
clavicular notch articulate with medial ends of clavicle
121
how many ribs
12 pairs = 24
122
how many pairs have direct anterior attachment to sternum
1-7 by costal cartilage
123
true ribs
attach directly to sternum (2 pairs)
124
sternocosal joints
true ribs and sternum articulate
125
false ribs
indirectly or not attached to sternum
5 pairs
126
where do ribs 8-10 attach
have costal cartilage that attach to one another and to cartilage of rib 7
127
rib 11-12
are floating ribs and do not attach to sternum
128
