Chapter 7 Flashcards
1
Q
Nas/o
A
Nose. Exchanges air during inhaling and exhaling; warms, moisturizes, and filters inhaled air
2
Q
Sinus/o
A
Sinuses. Produce mucus for the nasal cavities, make bones of the skull lighter, aid in sound production
3
Q
Pharyng/o
A
Pharynx, throat. Transports air back and forth between the nose and trachea
4
Q
Laryng/o
A
Larynx, throat. Makes speech possible
5
Q
Epiglott/o
A
Epiglottis. Closes off the trachea during swallowing
6
Q
Trache/o
Trachea
A
Trachea, windpipe. Transports air back and forth between the pharynx and the bronchi
7
Q
Bronch/o
Bronchi/o
A
Bronchi, bronchial tube, bronchus. Transports air from the trachea into the lungs
8
Q
Alveol/o
A
Alveoli. Air sacs that exchange cases with the pulmonary capillary blood
9
Q
Pneum/o
Pneumon/o
Pneu-
A
Lungs, air. Bring oxygen into the body, and remove carbon dioxide and some water waste from the body
10
Q
Ox/i
Ox/o
Ox/y
A
Oxygen
11
Q
Phon/o
A
Sound, voice
12
Q
Pleur/o
A
Pleura, side of the body
13
Q
-pnea
A
Breathing
14
Q
Pulm/o
Pulmon/o
A
Lung
15
Q
Somn/o
A
Sleep
16
Q
Spir/o
A
To breathe
17
Q
Thorac/o
-thorax
A
Chest, plural cavity
18
Q
Alveoli
A
The very small grape like clusters found at the end of each bronchiole. Also known as air sacs. Singular alveolus. The alveoli are where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place. Each lung contains millions if alveoli. During respiration, the alveoli are filled with air from the bronchioles. A network of microscopic pulmonary capillaries surrounds the alveoli. The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air inside the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries occur through the thin, elastic walls of the alveoli
19
Q
Anoxia
A
The absence of oxygen from the body’s tissues and organs even though there is an adequate flow of blood. An-means without, Ox means oxygen, -ia means abnormal condition. If anoxia continues for more than 4-6 minutes, irreversible brain damage can occur
20
Q
Antitussive
A
Medication administered to prevent or relieve coughing.commonly known as cough medicine. Anti-means against, tuss means cough, -ive means performs
21
Q
Aphonia
A
Loss of the ability of the larynx to produce normal speech sounds. A- means without, phon means sound or voice, -ia means abnormal condition
22
Q
Asbestosis
A
The form of pneumoconiosis caused by asbestos particles in the lungs. Asbest means asbestos, -osis means abnormal condition or disease
23
Q
Asphyxia
A
The loss of consciousness that occurs when the body cannot get the oxygen it needs to function. Can be caused by choking, suffocation, drowning, or inhaling cases such as carbon monoxide
24
Q
Asthma
A
A chronic, inflammatory disease of the bronchial tubes, often triggered by an allergic reaction and characterized by episodes of severe breathing difficulty, coughing, and wheezing
25
Atelectasis
The incomplete expansion of part or all of a lung due to a blockage of the air passages or pneumothorax. Also called collapsed lung. Atel means incomplete, -ecstasis means stretching or enlargement
26
Bradypnea
An abnormally slow rate of respiration, usually of less than 10 breaths per minute. Brady-means slow,-pnea means breathing
27
Bronchodilator
An inhaled medication that relaxes and expands the bronchial passages into the lungs. Patients with asthma use short-acting bronchdilators as needed as rescue medications, while long-acting bronchodilators are used everyday to control the condition
28
Bronchorrhea
An excessive discharge of mucus from the bronchi. Bronch/o means bronchus, -rrhea means abnormal flow. Often caused by chronic bronchitis or asthma
29
Bronchoscopy
The visual examination of the bronchi through using a bronchoscope. Bronch/o means bronchus, -scopy means direct visual examination
30
Bronchospasm
A contraction of the smooth muscle in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles that tighten squeeze the airway shut. Bronch/o means bronchi, -spasm means involuntary contraction
31
Cheyne-Stokes respiration
An irregular pattern of breathing characterized by alternating rapid or shallow respiration followed by slower respiration or apnea. This pattern sometimes occur in comatose patients or those nearing death
32
Croup
An acute respiratory syndrome in children and infants characterized by obstruction of the larynx, hoarseness, and swelling around the vocal cords, resulting in a barking cough and stridor
33
Cyanosis
A bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes caused by a lack of adequate oxygen in the blood. Cyan means blue, -osis means abnormal condition or disease
34
Cystic fibrosis
A life-threatening genetic disorder in which the lungs and pancreas are clogged with large quantities of abnormally thick mucus. This results in damage to the lungs, poor growth, and nutritional deficiencies. Common symptoms include wheezing and persistent cough
35
Diphtheria
An acute bacterial infection of the throat and upper respiratory tract. The diphtheria bacteria produce toxins that can damage the heart muscle and peripheral nerves. Through immunization, the disease is now largely prevented
36
Dysphonia
Difficulty in speaking, which may include any impairment in vocal quality, including hoarseness, weakness, or the cracking of a boy's voice during puberty. Dys- means bad, phon means sound or voice, -ia means abnormal condition
37
Dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing, also known as shortness of breath (SOB). Dys-means painful, -pnea means breathing. SOB is frequently one of the first symptoms of heart failure. It can also be caused by strenuous physical exertion or can be due to lung damage that produces dyspnea even at rest
38
Emphysema
The progressive, long-term loss of lung function, usually due to smoking. Characterized by a decrease in the total number of alveoli, enlargement of the remaining alveoli, and the progressive destruction of the walls of these remaining alveoli. As the alveoli are destroyed, breathing becomes increasingly rapid, shallow, and difficult. In an effort to compensate for the loss of capacity, the lungs chronically overinflated, and the rib cage stays partially expanded all the time, resulting in a slightly rounded shape (barrel chest)
39
Empyema
An accumulation of pus in a body cavity
40
Endotracheal intubation
The passage of a tube through the mouth into the trachea to establish or maintain an open airway, especially when a patient is on a ventilator. ETT. Endo- means within, trache means trachea, -al means pertaining to
41
Epistaxis
Bleeding from the nose that may be caused by dry air, an injury, medication to prevent blood clotting, or high blood pressure, also known as nosebleed
42
Hemoptysis
The expectoration of blood or bloodstained sputum derived from the lungs or bronchial tube's as the result of pulmonary or bronchial hemorrhage. Hem/o means blood, -ptysis means spitting
43
Hemothorax.
A collection of blood in the pleural cavity. . Hem/o means blood, -thorax means chest. This condition often results from chest trauma, such as a stab wound, or it can be caused by disease or surgery
44
Hypercapnia
The abnormal buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood. Hyper- means excessive, capn means carbon dioxide, -ia means abnormal condition
45
Hyperpnea
An increase in the depth and rate of the respiratory movements. Commonly associated with exertion. Hyper- means excessive, -pnea means breathing. Can also occur at high altitude or be caused by anemia or sepsis
46
Hypopnea
Shallow or slow respiration. Hypo- means decreased, -pnea means breathing.
47
Hypoxemia
The condition of having low oxygen levels in the blood, usually due to respiratory disorders or heart conditions. Hyp- means deficient, Ox means oxygen, -emia means blood
48
Hypoxia
The condition of having deficient oxygen levels in the body's tissues and organs, less severe than anoxia. Hyp- means deficient, Ox means oxygen, -ia means abnormal condition. This condition can be caused by a variety of factors, including head trauma, carbon monoxide poisoning, suffocation, and high altitudes
49
Laryngectomy
The surgical removal of the larynx. Laryng means larynx, -ectomy means surgical removal
50
Laryngitis
Inflammation of the larynx, also commonly used to describe voice loss that is caused by this Inflammation. Laryng means larynx, -itis means inflammation
51
Laryngoscopy
The visual examination of the larynx and vocal cords using a flexible or rigid laryngoscope inserted through the mouth. Laryng/o means larynx, -scopy means direct visual examination
52
Laryngospasm
The sudden spasmodic closure of the larynx. Laryng/o means larynx, -spasm means sudden involuntary contraction. Sometimes associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
53
Mediastinum
The middle section of the chest cavity located between the lungs. This cavity contains connective tissue and organs including the heart and its veins and arteries, the esophagus, trachea, bronchi, the thymus gland, and lymph nodes
54
Nebulizer
An electronic device that pumps air or oxygen through a liquid medicine to turn it into a vapor, which is then inhaled by the patient via a face mask or mouthpiece
55
Otolaryngologist
A physician with specialized training in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the head and neck. Also known as ENT (ear, nose, throat). Ot/o means ear, laryng means throat, -ologist means specialist
56
Pertussis
A contagious bacterial infection of the upper respiratory tract that is characterized by recurrent bouts of a paroxysmal cough, followed by breathlessness and a noisy inspiration. Also known as a whooping cough
57
Pharyngitis
An inflammation of the pharynx. Also known as sore throat. Pharyng means pharynx, -itis means inflammation. It is often a symptom of a cold, flu, or sinus infection
58
Phlegm
Thick mucus secreted by the tissues lining the respiratory passages
59
Pleurisy
An inflammation of the pleura, the membranes that cover the lungs and line the pkeural cavity. Causes pleurodynia, may result from trauma, tuberculosis, connective tissue disease or an infection. Also known as pleuritis. Pleur means pleura, -isy means a noun ending
60
Pleurodynia
A sharp pain that occurs when the inflamed membranes rub against each other with each inhalation. Pleur/o means pleura, -dynia means pain
61
Pneumoconiosis
Any fibrosis of the lung tissues caused by dust in the lungs after prolonged environmental or occupational contact. Pneum/o means lung, coni means dust, -osis means abnormal condition or disease
62
Pneumonectomy
The surgical removal of all or part of a lung. Pneumon means lung, -ectomy means surgical removal
63
Pneumonia
A serious inflammation of the lungs in which the alveoli and air passages fill with pus and other liquid. Pneumon means lung, -ia means abnormal condition. Most commonly caused by an infection and often follows a cold, flu, chronic illness, or other condition, especially in the elderly, that weakens the immune system and it's ability to stave off infection.
64
Pneumothorax
The accumulation of air in the pleural space, causing a pressure imbalance that causes the lung to fully or partially collapse. Pneum/o means lung or air, -thorax means chest. This can have an external cause, such as a stab wound through the chest wall, or it can occur when there is a lung-disease-related rupture in the pleura that allows air to leak into the pleural space
65
Polysomnography
The diagnostic measurement of physiological activity during sleep and is often performed to detect nocturnal defects in breathing associated with sleep apnea, also known as a sleep study. Poly- means many, somn/o means sleep, -graphy means the process of recording
66
Pulmonologist
A physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the respiratory system. Pulmon means lung, -ologist means specialist
67
Pulse oximeter
An external monitor placed on the patient's fingertip or earlobe to measure the oxygen saturation level in the blood. Ox/I means oxygen, -meter means to measure. This is a Non-invasive method of assessing basic respiratory function
68
Pyothorax
A collection of pus in the pleural cavity between the layers of the pleural membranes. Also known as empyema of the pleural cavity. Py/o means pus, -thorax means chest
69
Sinusitis
Inflammation of the sinuses. Sinus means sinus, -itis means inflammation
70
Sleep apnea
A potentially serious disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep for long enough periods to cause a measurable decrease in blood oxygen levels
71
Spirometer
A recording device that measures the amount of air inhaled or exhaled and the length of time required for each breath. Spir/o means to breathe, -meter means to measure
72
Tachypnea
An abnormally rapid rate of respiration, usually of more than 20 breaths per minute. Tachy-means rapid, -pnea means breathing
73
Thoracentesis
The surgical puncture of the chest wall with a needle to obtain fluid from the pleural cavity. Thor/a means thorax or chest, -centesis means surgical puncture to remove fluid. This procedure is performed to remove liquid (pleural effusion) or air (pneumothorax) from the pleural cavity
74
Thoracotomy
A surgical incision into the chest walls to open the pleural cavity for biopsy or treatment. Thorac means chest, -otomy means surgical incision. This is used to gain access to the lungs, heart, esophagus, diaphragm, and other organs
75
Tracheostomy
The surgical creation of a stoma into the trachea in order to insert a temporary or permanent tube to facilitate breathing. Trache means trachea, -ostomy means surgically creating an opening. The term is used to refer to the surgical procedure and to the stomach itself
76
Tracheotomy
An emergency procedure in which an incision is made into the trachea to gain access to the airway below a blockage. Trache means trachea, -otomy means surgical incision
77
Tuberculosis
An infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that usually attacks the lungs, also known as TB, it can also affect other parts of the body. Pleurisy and coughing up blood (hemoptysis) can be symptoms of TB in the lungs. TB occurs most commonly in individuals whose immune system's are weakened by another condition such as AIDS. A healthy individual can carry latent TB without showing symptoms of the disease
78
TB
Tuberculosis
79
Functions of the respiratory system
1. Deliver air to the lungs
2. Convey oxygen from the inhaled air to the blood for delivery to the body cells
3. Expel the waste products (carbon dioxide and a small amount of water) returned to the lungs by the blood through exhaustion
4. Produce the airflow through the larynx that makes speech possible
80
Upper respiratory tract
Consists of the nose (nostrils), mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, and trachea
81
Lower respiratory tract
Consists of the bronchial tree and lungs. Located within and protected by the thoracic cavity
82
Thoracic cavity
Or thorax. Also known as rib cage. Protects the lower respiratory tract
83
Airway
Upper respiratory tract and the bronchial tree of the lower respiratory tract
84
Nasal cavity
Interior portion of the nose
85
Nostrils
External openings of the nose
86
Nasal septum
A wall of cartilage that divides the nose into two equal sections
87
Septum
A wall that separates two chambers
88
Cilia
The thin hairs located just inside the nostrils, filter incoming air to remove debris
89
Mucous membranes
These line the nose. These specialized tissues also line the digestive, reproductive, and urinary systems as well as other parts of the respiratory system
90
Mucus
A slippery secretion produced by the mucous membranes that protects and lubricates these tissues. In the nose, mucus helps moisten, warm, and filter the air as it enters
91
Mucous
Name of the tissue (which comes first, both anatomically and alphabetically)
92
Olfactory receptors
Nerve endings that act as the receptors for the sense of smell. They are also important to the sense of taste. These receptors are located in the mucous membrane in the upper part of the nasal cavity
93
Tonsils and adenoids
Help protect the body from infection coming through the nose or the mouth
94
Tonsils
Also called Palatine tonsils, located at the back of the mouth
95
Adenoids
Also called nasopharyngeal tonsils, behind the nose and the roof of the moth, higher up from Palatine tonsils
96
Paranasal sinuses
Air-filled cavities lined with mucous membrane, are located in the bones of the skull. Para- means near, Nas means nose, -al means pertaining to
97
Sinus
Can be a sac or cavity in any organ or tissue, the term sinus most commonly refers to the paranasal sinuses
98
4 pairs of paranasal sinuses
The sinuses are connected to the nasal cavity via short ducts. Located on either side of the nose and are named for the bones in which they are located.
Frontal sinuses
Sphenoid sinuses
Maxillary sinuses
Ethmoid sinuses
99
Functions of sinuses
1. To make the bones of the skull lighter
2. To help produce sound by giving resonance to the voice
3. To produce mucus to provide lubrication for the tissues of the nasal cavity
100
Frontal sinuses
Located in the frontal bone just above the eyebrows. An infection here can cause severe pain in this area
101
Sphenoid sinuses
Located in the sphenoid tissue behind the eye and under the pituitary gland, are closed to the optic nerves, and an infection here can damage vision
102
Maxillary sinuses
Largest of paranasal sinuses, are located in the Maxillary bones under the eyes. An infection in these sinuses can cause pain in the posterior Maxillary teeth
103
Ethmoid sinuses
Are located in the erhmoid bone between the nose and the eyes, are irregularly shaped air cells that are separated from the orbital (eye) cavity by only a thin layer of bone
104
Pharynx
Commonly known as throat. Receives the air after it passes through those or mouth, as well as food
105
3 divisions of the pharynx
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
106
Nasopharynx
First division of the pharynx, is posterior to the nasal cavity and continues downward to behind the mouth. Nas/o means nose, -pharynx means throat. This portion of the pharynx is used only by the respiratory system for the transport of air and opens into the oropharynx
107
Oropharynx
Second division of the pharynx, is the portion that is visible when looking into the mouth. Or/o means mouth, -pharynx means throat. The oropharynx is shared by the respiratory and digestive systems and transports air, food, and fluids downward to the laryngopharynx
108
Laryngopharynx
Third division of the pharynx, shared by both the respiratory and digestive systems. Laryng/o means larynx,-pharynx means throat. Air, food, and fluid continue downward to the openings of the esophagus and trachea where air enters the trachea and food and fluids flow into the esophagus
109
Larynx
Also known as the voice box, a triangular chamber located between the pharynx and the trachea
110
Thyroid cartilage
The larynx is protected and supported by a series of nine separate cartilages. This cartilage is the largest, and when enlarged it projects from the front of the throat. Commonly known as Adam's appke
111
Vocal cords
Part of the larynx. During breathing, the cords are separated to let air pass. During speech, they close together, and sound is produced as air is expelled from the lungs, causing the cords to vibrate against each other
112
2 protective mechanisms in pharynx to make sure only air enters the lungs
Soft palate
Epiglottis
113
Aspiration pneumonia
Caused by food or water going into the trachea and entering the lungs instead of going into the esophagus. Risk of blocked airway during swallowing
114
Soft palate
Muscular posterior portion of the roof of the mouth, moves up and backward during swallowing to close off the nasopharynx. This prevents food or liquid from going up into the nose
115
Epiglottis
Lid-like structure located at the base of the tongue, swings downward and closes off the laryngopharynx so that food does not enter the trachea and the lungs
116
Trachea
Role is to transport air to and from the lungs. Commonly known as the windpipe, located directly in front of the esophagus. Trachea is held open by a series of flexible C-shaped cartilage rings that make it possible for the trachea to conpress so that food can pass down the esophagus
117
Bronchi
Two large tubes. Also known as primary bronchi, which branch out from the trachea and convey air into the lungs. Singular bronchus.
118
Bronchial tree
Inverted tree of the bronchi
119
Bronchioles
Smallest branches of the bronchi where each primary bronchus divides and subdivided into increasingly smaller bronchioles
120
Pulmonary
Relating to or affecting the lungs
121
Surfactant
A detergent-like substance produced by the alveoli, which reduces the surface tension of the fluid in the lungs. This makes the alveoli more stable so they do not collapse when an individual exhales. Premature babies often lack adequate surfactant
122
Lungs
Essential organs of respiration, are divided into lobes
123
Lobe
Subdivision or part of an organ
124
Right lung
Larger and has three lobes, the upper, middle and lower (or superior, middle, inferior)
125
Left lung
Only has two lobes, the upper and lower, due to space restrictions because of the heart is located on that side of the body
126
Pleura
Allows the lungs to move smoothly within the chest. A thin, moist, and slippery membrane that covers the outer surface of the lungs and lines the inner surface of the thoracic cavity
127
Parietal pleural
Outer layer of the pleural. It lines the walls of the thoracic cavity, covers the diaphragm, and forms the sac containing each lung. The parietal pleura is attached to the chest wall
128
Parietal
Relating to the walls of a cavity
129
Visceral pleura
Inner layer of pleua that covers each lung, is attached directly to the lungs
130
Visceral
Relating to the internal organs
131
Pleural cavity
Also known as pleural space. The thin, fluid-filled space between the parietal and visceral pleural membranes. The fluid acts as a lubricant, allowing the membranes to slide easily over each other during respiration
132
Diaphragm
Also known as thoracic diaphragm, dome-shaped sheet of muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdomen. It is the contraction and relaxation of this muscle that makes breathing possible
133
Phrenic nerves
Stimulates the diaphragm and cause it to contrast
134
Respiration
Breathing, is the exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide that is essential for life
135
Breath
A single respiration, consists of one inhalation and one exhalation
136
Ventilation
Moving air in and out of the lungs
137
Inhalation
The act of taking in air as the diaphragm contracts and pulls downward. This action causes the thoracic cavity to expand. This produces a vacuum within the thoracic cavity that draws air into the lungs
138
Exhalation
The act of breathing out. As the diaphragm relaxes, it moves upward, causing the thoracic cavity to become narrower. This action forces air out of the lungs
139
External respiration
The act of bringing air in and out of the lungs from the outside environment and, in the process, exchanging oxygen for carbon dioxide
140
Inhaled
As air is inhaled into the alveoli, oxygen immediately passes into the surrounding capillaries and is carried by the erythrocytes (red blood cells) to all body cells
141
Exhaled
At the same time, the waste product carbon dioxide that has passed into the bloodstream is transported into the air spaces of the lungs to be exhaled
142
Internal respiration
Also known as cellular respiration, is the exchange of games within the cells of the blood and tissues. In this process, oxygen passes from the bloodstream into the cells. The cells give off the waste product carbon dioxide, which passes into the bloodstream. The bloodstream transports the carbon dioxide to the lungs, where it is expelled during exhalation
143
ENT
Otolaryngologist, ear, nose, throat
144
Thoracic surgeon
Performs operations on the organs inside the thorax, or chest, including the heart, lungs. And esophagus
145
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
COPD, a group of lung diseases in which the bronchial airflow is obstructed, making it difficult to breathe put. Most often caused by long-term smoking, is generally permanent and progressive. Most people with COPD suffer from two related conditions: chronic bronchitis and emphysema
146
COPD
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
147
Chronic bronchitis
A disease in which the airways have become inflamed due to recurrent exposure to an inhaled irritant, usually cigarette smoke. Bronch means bronchus, -itis means inflammation. An increase in the number and size of mucus-producing cells results in excessive mucus production and thickening of the walls of the air passages. This causes chronic coughing, difficulty getting air in and out of the lungs, and increased risk of bacterial lung infections
148
Barrel chest
Slightly rounded shape of the chest resulting from emphysema
149
Asthma attack
Characterized by episodes of severe breathing difficulty, coughing, and wheezing
150
Wheezing
A breathing sound caused by a partially obstructed airway. The frequency and severity of asthma attacks are influenced by a variety of factors, including allergens, environmental agents, exercise, and infection
151
Airway inflammation
The swelling and clogging of the bronchial tubes with mucus. This usually occurs after the airway has been exposed to inhaled allergens
152
Exercise-induced asthma
The narrowing of the airways that develops after 5-15 minutes of physical exertion
153
Upper respiratory infections
URI. Can be caused by any one of 200 different viruses, most common is the human rhinovirus. Described as common cold
154
Acute nasopharyngitis
Described as common cold
155
Allergic rhinitis
Commonly referred to as an allergy, is an allergic reaction to airborne allergens that causes an increased flow of mucus. Rhin means nose, -itis means inflammation
156
Nonallergic rhinitis
An inflammation of the lining of the nose caused by something other than allergen, such as cold air, spicy food, or medication
157
Stridor
A harsh, high-pitched sound caused by a blockage present when breathing in
158
URI
Upper respiratory infection
159
Influenza
Also known as the flu. An acute, highly contagious viral infection characterized by respiratory inflammation, fever, chills, and muscle pain. Is spread by respiratory droplets and occurs most commonly in epidemics during the colder months. There are many strains of the influenza virus. Some strains can be prevented by annual immunization
160
Paroxysmal
Sudden or spasmlike
161
DPT
Childhood immunization against diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus
162
Rhinorrhea
Also known as runny nose, watery flow of mucus from the nose. Rhin/o means nose, -rrhea means abnormal discharge
163
Strep throat
Pharyngitis caused by the bacteria streptococcus
164
GERD
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
165
Tracheorrhagia
Bleeding from the mucous membranes of the trachea. Trach/o means trachea, -rrhagia means bleeding
166
Bronchiectasis
Permanent dilation of the bronchi, caused by chronic infection and inflammation. Bronch/I means bronchus, -ectasis means stretching or enlargement
167
Pleural effusion
The excess accumulation of fluid in the pleural space. This produces a feeling of breathlessness because it prevents the lung from fully expanding
168
Effusion
Escape of fluid from blood or lymphatic vessels into the tissues or into a body cavity
169
ARDS
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
170
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
ARDS. Lung condition usually caused by trauma, pneumonia, smoke or fumes, inhaled vomit, or sepsis. Is a life-threatening condition in which inflammation in the lungs and fluid in the alveoli lead to low levels of oxygen in the blood
171
Sepsis
A systemic bacterial infection in the bloodstream
172
Pulmonary edema
An accumulation of fluid in lung tissues, especially the alveoli. Often a symptom of heart failure
173
Edema
Swelling
174
Pulmonary embolism
Sudden blockage of a pulmonary artery by foreign matter or by an embolus that has formed in the leg or pelvic region
175
Pneumorrhagia
Bleeding from the lungs. Pneum/o means lungs, -rrhagia means bleeding
176
Latent
Present but not active
177
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis
A dangerous form of the disease that can occur when the prescribed drug regimen is not strictly followed, rendering the treatment insufficient to destroy all the bacteria
178
Two types of bacterial pneumonia
Named for the parts of the lungs affected
1. Bronchopneumonia
2. Lobar pneumonia
179
Bronchopneumonia
A localized form of pneumonia that often affects the bronchioles. Bronch/o means bronchial tubes, pneumon means lung, -ia means abnormal condition. Bronchopneumonia often leads to lobar pneumonia
180
Lobar pneumonia
Affects larger areas of the lungs, often including one or more sections, or lobes, of a lung
181
Double pneumonia
Lobar pneumonia involving both lungs and usually a form of bacterial pneumonia
182
Causes of pneumonia
About 30 causes of pneumonia have been identified. The most common causative agents are air pollution, bacteria, fungi, viruses, and inhaled liquid or chemicals
183
Aspiration
Inhaling or drawing a foreign substance into the upper respiratory tract
184
Bacterial pneumonia
Most commonly caused by streptococcus pneumoniae
185
Pneumococcal pneumonia
Only form of pneumonia that can be prevented through vaccination
186
Community-acquired pneumonia
CAP. Any pneumonia that results from contagious infection outside of a hospital or clinic. CAP may be bacterial pneumonia or be caused by a virus or fungi. This is a most common form of pneumonia, and it can affects people of all ages
187
CAP
Community-acquired pneumonia
188
Hospital-acquired pneumonia
Also called nosocomial pneumonia. A type of pneumonia contracted during a stay in the hospital when the patient's defenses are impaired. Patients on a ventilator are particularly at risk
189
Nosocomial
Hospital-acquired
190
Walking pneumonia
Also known as mycoplasma pneumonia. A milder but longer-lasting form of the disease caused by the bacteria mycoplasma pneumoniae. It gets its name from the fact that the patient is often not bedridden
191
Pneumocystis pneumonia
An opportunistic infection caused by the yeast-like fungus pneumocystis carinii
192
Viral pneumonia
Can be caused by several different type of viruses, accounts for approximately a third of all pneumonias
193
Interstitial lung disease
Refers to a group of almost 200 disorders that cause inflammation and scarring of the alveoli and their supporting structures. The tissue around the alveolibecomes scarred or stiff, leading to a reduction of oxygen being transferred to the blood
194
Interstitial
Relating to spaces within or around a tissue or an organ
195
Pulmonary fibrosis
Also called interstitial fibrosis. Is the progressive formation of scar tissue in the lung, resulting in decreased lung capacity and increased difficulty in breathing. Fibros means fibrous connective tissue, -is means noun ending. Many connective tissue diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, and lups can cause pulmonary fibrosis, as can environmental toxins such as asbestos and silica. Pul.onary fibrosis can also occur without a known cause
196
Fibrosis
A condition in which normal tissue is replaced by fibrotic (hardened) tissue
197
Silicosis
Caused by inhaling silica dust in the lungs and usually occurs after working in occupations including foundry work, quarreling, ceramics, classwork, and sandblasting. Silic means glass, -osis means abnormal condition or disease
198
Lung cancer
Leading cause of cancer death in the US, is a condition in which cancer cells form in the tissues of the lung. Risk factors are smoking and inhaling secondhand smoke
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Breathing disorder
Describe abnormal changes in the rate or depth of breathing
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Eupnea
Easy or normal breathing. Eu- means good, -pnea means breathing. This is the baseline for judging some breathing disorders
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Apnea
Temporary absence of spontaneous respiration. A- means without, -pnea means breathing. Common respiratory problem in premature infants
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SOB
Shortness of breath. Or dyspnea
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Hyperventilation
An abnormally rapid rate of deep respiration that is usually associated with anxiety. Hyper- means excessive, -ventilation means breathing. This decreases the level of carbon dioxide in the blood, causing dizziness and tingling in the fingers and toes
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Obstructive sleep apnea
OSA. Caused by the muscles at the back of the throat relaxing and narrowing the airways
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OSA
Obstructive sleep apnea
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Snoring
Can be a symptom of sleep apnea, is noisy breathing caused by vibration of the soft palate
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Expectoration
The act of coughing up and spitting out saliva, mucus, or other body fluids. Expector means to cough up, -ation means state or action
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Airway obstruction
Commonly known as choking, occurs when food or a foreign object partially or completely blocks the airway and prevents air from entering or leaving the lungs
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Abdominal thrusts
Also known as Heimlich maneuver. Emergency action to help prevent airway obstruction
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Altitude hypoxia
Also known as altitude sickness, a condition that can be brought on by the decreased oxygen in the air at higher altitudes, usually above 8,000 feet
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Asphyxiation
A state of asphyxia or suffocation. Oxygen levels in the blood drop quickly, carbon dioxide levels rise, and unless the patient's breathing is restored within a few minutes, death or serious brain damage follows
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Respiratory failure
RF. Also known as respiratory acidosis. A condition in which the level of oxygen in the blood becomes dangerously low (hypoxemia) or the level of carbon dioxide becomes dangerously high (hypercapnia). It is a medical emergency that can result from a chronic condition or develop suddenly
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RF
Respiratory failure
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Smoke inhalation
Damage to the lungs in which particles from a fire coat the alveoli and prevent the normal exchange of gases
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Sudden infant death syndrome
SIDS. Sudden and unexplainable death of an apparently healthy sleeping infant between the age of two months and six months. Although the cause of SIDS is unknown, the "safe to sleep" (formerly "back to sleep") campaign recommending that infants sleep on their back instead of facedown with no blankets, pillows, or toys in the crib has significantly reduced the incidence of SIDS
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SIDS
Sudden infant death syndrome
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Respiratory rate
Important vital sign. A count of the number of breaths (one inhalation and one exhalation) per minute
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Respiratory sounds
Such as rates, rhonchi, and stridor provide information about the condition of the lungs and pleura
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Bronchoscope
Flexible, fiber-optic device that is passed through the nose or mouth and down the airways. It can also be used for operative procedures, such as tissue repair or the removal of a foreign object
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Chest x-ray
Also known as chest imaging, valuable tool for diagnosing pneumonia, lung cancer, pneumothorax, pleural effusion, tuberculosis and emphysema
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Indirect laryngoscopy
Simpler version of this test in which the larynx is viewed by shining a light on an angled mirror held at the back of the soft palate
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Peak flow meter
An inexpensive handheld device used to let patients with asthma measure air flowing out of the lungs, revealing any narrowing of the airways in advance of an asthma attack
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Pulmonary function tests
PFTs. A group of tests that measure volume and flow of air by using a spirometer. These tests are measured against a norm for the individual's age, height, and sex
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PFT
Pulmonary function test
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Incentive spirometer
Used to help patients who have recently had surgery keep their lungs healthy during recovery
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Sputum cytology
A procedure in which a sample of mucus is coughed up from the lungs and then examined under a microscope to detect cancer cells
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Sputum
Phlegm ejected through the mouth that can be examined for diagnostic purposes
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2 tests to detect tuberculosis infection
1. Tuberculin skin testing
2. Blood tests
These tests show whether the patient is infected with TB, they do not show whether the infection is latent or active. A positive result from either test warrants further testing such as a chest x-ray and sputum cytology
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Tuberculin skin testing
Also known as Mantoux PPD skin test, a screening test for tuberculosis in which a very small amount of PPD tuberculin (a purified protein derivative) is injected just under the top layer of the skin on the forearm. The site is checked for a reaction 48-72 hours later
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Metered-dose inhaler
MDI. Administers a specific amount of a medication such as bronchodilator in aerosol form. A gas propellant mixes with the medicine to push it into the lungs
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MDI
Metered-dose inhaler
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2 kinds of meducines for asthma treatment
1. Controller medicines
2. Quick-relief or rescue medicine
The goal of asthma treatment is to avoid the substance that trigger symptoms and to control airway inflammation
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Controller medicines
Such as inhaled corticosteroids, are long-acting medications taken daily to prevent attacks. These medications help control inflammation and stop the airways from reacting to the factors that trigger the asthma
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Quick-relief or rescue medicines
Taken at the first sign of an attack to dilate the airways and make breathing easier. Corticosteroids may also be given intravenously during a severe attack
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Intubation
Insertion of a tube, usually for the passage of air or fluids
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Functional endoscopic sinus surgery
FESS. A procedure performed using an endoscope in which chronic sinusitis is treated by enlarging the opening between the nose and sinus
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ETT
Endotracheal intubation
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FESS
Functional endoscopic sinus surgery
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Laryngotomy
Surgical incision into the larynx, performed when the upper part of the airway is obstructed. Laryng means larynx, -otomy means surgical incision
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Septoplasty
Surgical repair or alteration of parts of the nasal septum. Sept/o means septum, -plasty means surgical repair
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Stoma
A surgically created opening on a body surface
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Lobectomy
Surgical removal of a lobe of an organ, usually the lung, brain or liver. Lob means lobe, -ectomy means surgical removal
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Wedge resection
Surgery in which a small wedge-shaped piece of cancerous lung tissue is removed, along with a margin of healthy tissue around the cancer
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Video-assisted thoracic surgery
VATS. Use of a thorascope to view the inside of the pleural cavity through very small incisions. This procedure is used to remove small sections of cancerous tissue and to obtain biopsy specimens to diagnose certain types of pneumonia, infections, or tumors of the chest wall. It is also used to treat repeatedly collapsing lungs
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Thorascope
A specialized endoscope used for treating the thorax
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Treatments for cystic fibrosis
1. Pancreatic enzymes
2. Chest percussion
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VATS
Video-assisted thoracic surgery
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Pancreatic enzymes
To aid the digestive system as well as bronchodilators to keep airways open
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Chest percussion
A therapeutic technique to remove excess mucus from the lungs. This is often performed with the patient positioned at an angle to allow gravity to help drain the secretions
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Diaphragmatic breathing
Also known as abdominal breathing, a relaxation technique used to relieve anxiety
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CPAP machine
Continuous positive airway pressure. Non-invasive ventilation devices used in the treatment of sleep apnea. A face mask is connected to a pump that create constant air pressure in the nasal passages, holding the airway open. Although this does not cure sleep apnea, it does reduce snoring and prevents dangerous apnea disturbances
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BiPAP machine
Bilevel positive airway pressure. Like a CPAP machine but can be set up at a higher pressure for inhaling and a lower pressure for exhaling. It is used for sleep apnea in patients with neuromuscular diseases or those who find the CPAP machine uncomfortable
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Ambu bag
Or bag valve mask (BVM) , an emergency resuscitator used to assist ventilation. A flexible air chamber is squeezed to force air through a face mask into the lungs of the patient, a process referred to as "bagging"
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BVM
Bag valve mask or Ambu bag
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Ventilator
Mechanical device for artificial respiration that is used to replace or supplement the patient's natural breathing function. Forces air into the lungs, exhalation takes place passively as the lungs contract
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Supplemental oxygen
Administered when the patient is unable to maintain an adequate oxygen saturation level in the blood from breathing normal aor. Oxygen is Administered by using a compressor either flowing into the hood or tent or delivered directly to the patient using one of the devices such as nasal cannula, rebreather mask or non-rebreather mask
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Nasal cannula
Small tube that divides into two nasal prongs
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Rebreather mask
Allows the exhaled breath to be partially reused, delivering up to 60% oxygen
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Non-rebreather mask
Allows higher levels of oxygen to be added to the air taken in by the patient
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Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
HBOC. Involves breathing pure oxygen in a special chamber that allows air pressure to be raised up to three times higher than normal. The lungs and the bloodstream are thus able to absorb more oxygen, which is delivered throughout the body to promote healing and fight infection
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HBOT
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
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Orth/o
Straight
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Para-
Beside
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-centesis
Surgical puncture to remove fluid
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-dynia
Pain
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-ectomy
Surgical removal
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-ia
Abnormal condition
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-metry
To measure
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-osis
Abnormal condition
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-ostomy
Creation of an opening
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-otomy
Surgical incision into
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-plasty
Surgical repair
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-ptysis
Spitting up, coughing up
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-rrhagia
Bleeding
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-rrhea
Flowing, discharge
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Anthracosis
Also known as black lung disease, the form of pneumoconiosis caused by coal dust in the lungs
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Exacerbation
An increase in the severity of a disease, worsening
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Serous membrane
Sheet like tissues that act as a lining with cells that secrete fluids
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CXR
Chest x-ray
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LLL
Left lower lobe (of lung)
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LUL
Left upper libe (of lung)
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NG tube
Nasogastric tube
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PE
Pulmonary embolism
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PNA
Pneumonia
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RLL
Right lower lobe (of lung)
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RUL
Right upper lobe (of lung)
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Mesothelioma
A tumor if the tissue that lines the pleura. It is a disease of people who worked at jobs where they inhaled asbestos particles. It can be benign or malignant. Treatment of malignant mesothelioma can involve surgery , radiation, and/or chemotherapy
