Chapter 7

Question 1

A man succumbed to vibriosis due to a combination of swimming in the ocean before a tattoo was completely healed and an underlying condition of liver disease. In this case the tattoo was a Blank______ for the Vibrio vulnificus bacterium causing the infection.

Answer 1

Portal of entry

Question 2

The acquisition of chemical substances by organisms for use as in cellular metabolism, growth, energy, and other functions is

Answer 2

Nutrition

Question 3

Which is the best term for any chemical substance that must be provided to a cell for normal metabolism and growth?

Answer 3

Nutrient

Question 4

All living things have an absolute need for carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, which are known as ______.

Answer 4

Bioelements

Question 5

An essential nutrient is any element or compound that an organism:

Answer 5

Must get from a source outside its cells.

Question 6

Incomplete healing of a tattoo led to a case of vibriosis because the tattoo site was a ______ of ______ for the Vibrio vulnificus bacterium.

Answer 6

Portal; entry

Question 7

Which term describes chemical substances such as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that are required in large quantities by cells?

Answer 7

Macronutrient

Question 8

The uptake and use of chemical compounds by microbes for energy and other processes is ______.

Answer 8

Nutrition

Question 9

Any chemical substance required in small quantities, such as a trace metal, is termed a(n) ______.

Answer 9

Micronutrient, trace element

Question 10

Essential chemical substances that must be consumed for normal cellular metabolism and growth are ______.

Answer 10

Nutrients

Question 11

Zinc and manganese are required by cells in small amounts, so they are termed trace ______.

Answer 11

Elements

Question 12

Which of the following are bioelements?

Answer 12

Phosphorus

Oxygen

Carbon

Hydrogen

Nitrogen

Question 13

The products of living things that contain a basic framework of carbon and hydrogen are ______ nutrients.

Answer 13

Organic

Question 14

Any element or molecule that must be provided to an organism is called a(n) ______ nutrient.

Answer 14

Essential

Question 15

Chemical substances that are required in large quantities by cells, such as sugars or amino acids, are called ______.

Answer 15

Macronutrients, macromolecules

Question 16

Which element is represented by N in SPONCH?

Answer 16

Nitrogen

Question 17

What term describes any chemical substance required in small quantities, such as a trace metal?

Answer 17

Micronutrient

Question 18

Which element is represented by P in SPONCH?

Answer 18

Phosphorus

Question 19

Micronutrients that are required by cells in small amounts are termed ______ elements.

Answer 19

Trace

Question 20

Elements that are stored in organic nutrients in organisms are eventually recycled to inorganic forms, usually via the action of ______.

Answer 20

Microorganisms, microbes, bacteria

Question 21

Molecules that contain a basic framework of carbon and hydrogen and are nearly always produced by living things are called ______ nutrients.

Answer 21

Organic

Question 22

The letter N in the acronym SPONCH represents the element ______.

Answer 22

Nitrogen

Question 23

Which element is a component of protozoan shells, acts as a cell wall stabilizer, and adds resistance to bacterial endospores?

Answer 23

Calcium

Question 24

An organism that uses the sun’s light to provide the chemical energy to produce sugar for cellular respiration is a(n) ______.

Answer 24

Photoautotroph

Question 25

In the acronym SPONCH, the element ______ is represented by the letter P.

Answer 25

Phosphorus

Question 26

A photosynthetic microbe that uses the energy of light rays to convert carbon dioxide into simple organic compounds is specifically referred to as a(n) ______.

Answer 26

Photoautotroph

Question 27

Elements that make up nutrients cycle from a(n) ______ form such as carbon dioxide in an environmental reservoir to a(n) ______ form such as glucose in organisms.

Answer 27

Inorganic; organic

Question 27

The products of living things that contain a basic framework of carbon and hydrogen are ______ nutrients.

Answer 27

Organic

Question 28

Respiratory protein structure

Answer 28

Iron

Question 29

Ions involved in transfers of cellular energy

Answer 29

Hydrogen

Question 30

Key component of DNA, RNA, and ATP

Answer 30

Phosphorus

Question 31

A central atom in chlorophyll molecules

Answer 31

Magnesium

Question 32

Major participant in membrane actions and maintains cellular osmotic pressure

Answer 32

Sodium

Question 33

Chlorophyll is the primary pigment in ______ photosynthesis.

Answer 33

Oxygenic

Question 34

Which of the following receives their energy from the sun's light to generate a sugar source for cellular respiration?

Answer 34

Phototrophs

Question 35

When a photosynthetic microorganism does not produce oxygen as a result, the process is referred to as ______ photosynthesis.

Answer 35

Anoxygenic

Question 36

An autotrophic organism that utilizes light for energy and carbon dioxide primarily as a carbon source is specifically termed a(n) ______.

Answer 36

Photoautotroph

Question 37

Photosynthesis that results in the production of oxygen is referred to as ______ photosynthesis.

Answer 37

Oxygenic

Question 37

The complete breakdown of glucose to yield carbon dioxide, water, and energy in the form of ATP is ______.

Answer 37

Aerobic respiration

Question 38

Organisms that derive their organic nutrients from the bodies of living organisms are ______.

Answer 38

Symbionts

Question 39

What are nonpathogenic microbes that cause disease in a compromised host called?

Answer 39

Opportunistic

Question 40

Photosynthesis that does not produce oxygen is known as ______ photosynthesis.

Answer 40

Anoxygenic

Question 41

The principal energy-yielding pathway that involves the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen is called ______ ______.

Answer 41

Aerobic; respiration

Question 41

Which of the following cell structures is specialized for transport of materials into and out of the cell?

Answer 41

Cell membrane

Question 42

The speed and continuous movement of atoms and molecules is largely controlled by:

Answer 42

Temperature

Question 43

What term is used to describe organisms that decompose organic remains from dead organisms as an energy source?

Answer 43

Saprobe

Question 44

When a normally nonpathogenic saprobe causes infection in a compromised host, it is referred to as a(n) ______ pathogen.

Answer 44

Opportunistic

Question 44

Which term is used exclusively to describe water's movement across a selectively permeable membrane?

Answer 44

Osmosis

Question 44

A solution in which the concentration of solutes is the same on both sides of a membrane is ______.

Answer 44

Isotonic

Question 44

A specialized structure that is used to transport substances into and out of the cell is the cell ______.

Answer 44

Membrane

Question 45

True or false: All atoms and molecules are in a constant state of movement that increases with temperature increases.

Answer 45

True

Question 45

Membranes that only allow certain compounds into or out of the cell are called ______.

Answer 45

Selective

Question 46

In a hypotonic solution, because the cell wall prevents them from bursting, organisms with cell walls become ______.

Answer 46

Turgid

Question 47

Diffusion of most substances into and out of the cell is controlled by the cell ______.

Answer 47

Membrane

Question 47

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane in the direction of the side with less water is ______.

Answer 47

Osmosis

Question 48

Specific membrane proteins that bind to ATP and a molecule to be transported across a cell membrane are required in ______-______ ______.

Answer 48

Carrier; mediated; active

Question 49

A membrane that can allow specific compounds into the cell and/or out of the cell is ______.

Answer 49

Selectively

Question 50

Which of the following would describe a solution which is well balanced for a cell?

Answer 50

Isotonic

Question 50

A complex adjustment in biochemistry or genetics that enables long-term survival and growth is a(n) _______.

Answer 50

Adaptation

Question 51

What term is generally used to describe the movement of solutions into the cell?

Answer 51

Pinocytosis

Question 52

A cell that has become swollen due to the influx of water is referred to as ______.

Answer 52

Turgid

Question 53

What term is used to describe the "best" temperature to support a microbe's growth?

Answer 53

Optimal temperature

Question 54

ATP is required to transport specific sugars, amino acids, and vitamins into the cell in ______ active transport.

Answer 54

Carrier-mediated

Question 55

Which term describes a microorganism that thrives and divides under refrigeration conditions?

Answer 55

Psychrophile

Question 56

When the biochemistry or genetics of microbes is adjusted so survival in their environment is enhanced, it is known as ______.

Answer 56

Adaptation

Question 56

Bacteria that can grow in the cold and are able to cause food-borne illness, but are not true psychrophiles, are called ______.

Answer 56

Facultative psychrophiles Psychrotrophs

Question 57

The type of endocytosis that involves movement of liquids such as oils and other compounds dissolved in solution into the cell is called ______.

Answer 57

Pinocytosis

Question 58

Choose the temperature range of most mesophilic microorganisms.

Answer 58

20°C-40°C

Question 59

Microorganisms that are normally mesophiles, but can handle short exposures to high temperatures are called ______ microbes.

Answer 59

Thermoduric

Question 60

The two atmospheric gases that have the greatest impact on microbial growth are ______ and ______.

Answer 60

Oxygen; carbon dioxide

Question 60

The temperature at which cells show the most rapid growth rate is known as the cell's ______ temperature.

Answer 60

Optimal

Question 61

In which environment would you most likely observe growth of psychrophilic microorganisms?

Answer 61

Frozen food

Question 62

What word is used to describe organisms which can use oxygen in their cellular respiration pathways?

Answer 62

Aerobic

Question 63

Microbes that can grow slowly in cold temperatures, but have optimum temperatures above 20°C, are called ______.

Answer 63

Psychrotrophs

Question 64

Many medically important bacteria have an optimal temperature close to the normal human body temperature of ______° Celsius.

Answer 64

37

Question 65

A microorganism that requires oxygen for survival is a(n) ______ aerobe.

Answer 65

Obligate

Question 66

Facultative anaerobes include gram-______ intestinal bacteria and staphylococci.

Answer 66

Negative

Question 66

Which type of microbes are a common contaminant of pasteurized or heated foods?

Answer 66

Thermoduric microbes

Question 67

The atmospheric gases that most influence microbial growth are:

Answer 67

Carbon dioxide. Oxygen.

Question 68

A strict or ______ anaerobic microorganism requires the absence of oxygen for survival.

Answer 68

Obligate

Question 68

What word is used to describe organisms which do NOT use oxygen in their cellular respiration pathways?

Answer 68

Anaerobic

Question 68

A microorganism that can use oxygen in metabolism and process toxic oxygen products is a(n) ______.

Answer 68

Aerobe

Question 69

Bacteria that can grow in the cold and are able to cause food-borne illness, but are not true psychrophiles, are called ______.

Answer 69

Facultative psychrophiles Psychrotrophs

Question 70

Which term refers to microbes that do not use oxygen gas, but are not affected by its presence?

Answer 70

Aerotolerant anaerobes

Question 70

What word describes a microbe that must have oxygen to survive?

Answer 70

Obligate aerobe

Question 71

A microbe that requires carbon dioxide levels higher than those present in the normal atmosphere is called a(n) ______.

Answer 71

Capnophile

Question 72

A microorganism that is capable of growing in aerobic and anaerobic conditions is a(n) ______ anaerobe.

Answer 72

Facultative

Question 73

Any microorganism that grows best in the absence of oxygen is a(n) ______.

Answer 73

Anaerobe

Question 73

Organisms that thrive in environments with a pH close to 7 are called ______.

Answer 73

Neutrophiles

Question 74

Which term describes a microbe that grows in a habitat with a high solute concentration?

Answer 74

Osmophile

Question 75

An organism that does not use oxygen gas, but can survive and grow in its presence is referred to as a(n) ______ ______.

Answer 75

Aerotolerant; anaerobe

Question 76

What term is used to describe organisms that exist at deep ocean depths?

Answer 76

Barophiles

Question 77

An organism that prefers carbon dioxide levels higher than those present in the normal atmosphere is a(n) ______.

Answer 77

Capnophile2

Question 78

Bacteria reproduce by ______ fission.

Answer 78

Binary, transverse

Question 79

What term is used to describe organisms that exist in environments near the pH of 7?

Answer 79

Neutrophiles

Question 80

Which term describes the length of time that a microbial species needs to divide?

Answer 80

Generation time

Question 81

What term is used to describe a graphical representation of a change in population size over time?

Answer 81

Growth curve

Question 82

A microorganism that thrives in any hypertonic medium is a(n) ______.

Answer 82

Osmophile

Question 83

A term used to describe one to a few bacteria that give raise to an entire colony is a(n) ______ ______ unit.

Answer 83

Colony; forming

Question 84

Organisms which thrive in the pressure of deep ocean depths are ______.

Answer 84

Barophiles

Question 85

Which of the following characterizes the lag phase of a normal bacterial growth curve?

Answer 85

Little increase in cell numbers

Question 86

What is true regarding binary fission?

Answer 86

Daughter cells are identical to each other. It is a type of asexual reproduction. Binary fission occurs only once in the life of a single cell.

Question 87

In binary fission, the doubling time of a particular microbial species is also known as its ______ time.

Answer 87

Generation

Question 88

In which phase of bacterial growth are far more cells dividing than dying?

Answer 88

Exponential

Question 89

A graphical representation of the change in population size over time is a ______ curve.

Answer 89

Growth

Question 90

During which phase of growth does the number of new cells balance the number of declining cells?

Answer 90

Stationary phase

Question 91

What common term describes the bacterium/bacteria in an original sample that give rise to a colony on a plate?

Answer 91

Colony forming unit

Question 92

The phase of the population growth curve that involves very little cell division and an exponential decline in numbers is the ______ phase.

Answer 92

Death, decline

Question 93

When a bacterial cell is placed into a new environment and cell division is slow, the ______ phase is occurring.

Answer 93

Lag

Question 94

The log phase of a normal growth curve is also referred to as the ______ growth phase.

Answer 94

Exponential

Question 95

What term is used to describe the cloudiness of a broth culture?

Answer 95

Turbidity

Question 96

Which phase of bacterial growth involves more cells dying than reproducing?

Answer 96

Death

Question 97

The term ______ describes the appearance of a cloudy broth culture.

Answer 97

Turbidity

Question 98

During which phase of growth does the number of new cells balance the number of declining cells?

Answer 98

Stationary phase