Chapter 7 Flashcards
1
Q
A ______ is a choice made from available alternatives.
A
Decision
2
Q
Which model of decision making explains how managers should use logic to determine the optimal means of furthering the organization’s best interests?
A
Rational Model
3
Q
Picking a solution is which step in the rational decision-making process?
A
Third
4
Q
The first stage in the rational decision-making process involves
A
Identifying the problem
5
Q
Situations that present possibilities for exceeding existing goals are known as
A
Opportunities
6
Q
Which of the following is an accurate description of decision making?
A
The process of identifying and choosing among alternative courses of action
7
Q
Conducting a ______ involves identifying and analyzing the underlying causes of a problem or an opportunity.
A
Diagnosis
8
Q
The rational model of decision making emerged from Adam Smith’s theory, assuming people make rational decisions based on:
A
Analysis of all potential outcomes
9
Q
Which of the following are examples of what can function as the first stage in rational decision making by managers?
Sales shortfalls
Poor product quality
Customer complaints
Low staff turnover
A
Sales Shortfalls, Poor Product quality, Customer complaints
10
Q
When Kendra’s manager asked the team to develop new ideas for attracting people to their trade show booth, Kendra suggested installing a video game. Which part of the rational decision-making process does Kendra’s idea exemplify?
A
Think up alternative situations
11
Q
Ryan learns that distribution problems caused a competitor’s sales to fall in his region. He decides to take advantage of the situation by adding a salesperson to capture some of the competitor’s lost business. Ryan is demonstrating how a(n) ______ affects decision making
A
Opportunity
12
Q
Which of the following questions would you use to evaluate alternatives in the third stage of the rational model of decision making? (More than one answer may be correct.)
Multiple select question.
Is it ultimately effective?
Is it feasible?
Is it profitable?
Is it creative?
Is it ethical?
A
Ultimately effective, feasible, ethical
13
Q
Ronnie’s company uses large numbers of snow blowers. After several failed, Ronnie determined that the failures were due to defective motors and decided that the company would use a different vendor for future purchases. In this situation, Ronnie is making a
A
Diagnosis
14
Q
In the fourth stage of rational decision making, managers will
A
implement and evaluate the chosen solution
15
Q
The results of rational decision making should be evaluated because things may occur that were not foreseen, a “law” in economics known as the Law of ______ Consequences.
A
Unintended
16
Q
List the four steps in the rational decision making model with the first step in the process at the top and the last step on the bottom.
A
1.Identify the issue
2.Come up with potential solutions
3.Evaluate the possibilities and select a solution
4.Put the solution into practice and evaluate it.
17
Q
Which scenario describes behaviors that occur in stage two of the rational decision-making process?
Bar staff have a brainstorming session to generate ideas for attracting customers; the suggestions get crazy.
The middle manager knew the management team decided to follow a hotly debated decision; she did not think it would work because the customers would soundly reject it.
The food delivery truck is late; when it arrives, everyone helps unload, including the manager.
When a small business owner discovers a location they covet is going on the market, they ignore everything and start crunching numbers to see if they can make an offer.
A
Bar staff have a brainstorming session to generate ideas for attracting customers; the suggestions get crazy.
18
Q
Successful implementation of major decisions requires which of the following? (Choose every correct answer.)
Multiple select question.
Ignoring ethical dilemmas
Reliance on the easy way out of the problem
Sensitivity to those affected by the decision
Careful planning
A
Sensitivty to those affected by the decision
Careful Planning
19
Q
Which of these assumptions are made in the rational model of decision making? (More than one answer may be correct.)
Managers will always select the course of action that they know will most benefit the organization.
Managers can make logical decisions without prejudice or emotional bias.
Managers will not be limited by time or money constraints when implementing the chosen solution.
Managers will be influenced by their own self-interest when choosing among alternative courses of action.
Managers have complete, error-free information about alternative courses of action and their consequences.
A
Managers will always select the course of action that they know will most benefit the organization.
Managers can make logical decisions without prejudice or emotional bias.
Managers have complete, error-free information about alternative courses of action and their consequences.
20
Q
What are appropriate actions for a manager to take if a decision is not working as intended? (Choose every correct answer.)
Deny there is anything wrong.
Try another alternative.
Change it slightly.
Blame others.
Start over.
Give it more time.
A
Try another alternative.
Change it slightly.
Start over.
Give it more time.
21
Q
What are the first two steps in the rational decision making model?
A
generating alternative solutions
determining the issue at hand
22
Q
Which model of decision making acknowledges that uncertainty and risk make it difficult for managers to make optimal decisions?
A
Nonrational Model
23
Q
The rational model of decision making is considered ______ in that it describes how managers should make decisions rather than how they actually make them.
A
Prescriptive
24
Q
The concept that suggests that the ability of decision makers to be rational is limited by constraints such as complexity, skills, time, and money is known as
_______________ rationality.
A
Bounded
24
Picking a solution is which step in the rational decision-making process?
Third
25
As a manager, Colin realizes that there is no single formula for making easy decisions. In reality, business decisions he has to make involve uncertainty and risk. This describes the ______ model of decision making.
Nonrational
26
"Close enough is good enough" best characterizes which model of decision making?
Satisficing
26
What is the third stage of the rational model of decision making?
Evaluate alternatives and select a solution.
26
Hubris is an extreme sense of which of the following?
Uncertainty
Justice
Confidence
Pride
Confidence
Pride
27
Tonya decided to purchase a piece of equipment from a domestic company instead of an overseas company despite the domestic company's higher cost and lower quality. Her decision was based on uncertainty that the foreign shipment would not be able to meet her production deadline. According to Herbert Simon, Tonya was feeling the effects of:
Bounded Rationality
28
Making a choice without the use of conscious thought or logical inference is known as using __________
Intuition
29
What is the name for an intuitive decision based on a person's years of experience with similar situations?
Holistic Hunch
30
Which models are characteristic nonrational models of decision making?
Models that train managers how to make ethical decisions
Models that describe how managers actually make decisions
Models that try to predict future behaviors and consequences
Models that describe how managers should make decisions
Models that describe how managers actually make decisions
31
What is defined as an extreme and inflated sense of pride, certainty, and confidence?
Hubris
32
Which model of decision making emphasizes choosing the first solution that meets the criteria rather than the optimal choice?
Satisficing
33
Choose a key benefit of using intuition in decision making.
It speeds up the process when deadlines are tight.
34
Going with your gut," or ______, is making a choice without the use of conscious thought or logical inference.
Intuition
34
CEOs are at a higher risk of being fired for ethical violations than ever before because the public has become less forgiving of unethical behavior.
True
35
Someone who is trained about matters of ethics in the workplace, particularly about resolving ethical dilemmas, is called a(n) ______.
Ethics officer
36
When are directors, managers, and employees most likely to engage in unethical behavior?
When they feel compelled to put company interests ahead of their own sense of right and wrong
36
When one of Serena's employees raises the concern that some of the bakery's products may have been contaminated during a cleaning product spill, Serena is overcome with a feeling of worry that customers could become ill if they consume her pastries. Based on these feelings, Serena makes a snap decision to close the store for several hours to allow time for baking a new batch of pastries. Which type of intuition does this represent?
Automated experience
36
Bagley's decision tree is specifically designed for use when
Making ethical choices
36
Identify the benefits of using intuition in the decision-making process. (Choose every correct answer.)
It can be helpful to managers when resources are limited.
It can speed up decision making.
37
Which of the following questions is NOT one of the questions used in Bagley's ethical decision tree?
Multiple choice question.
Is the proposed action ethical?
Is the proposed action legal?
Would it be ethical not to take the proposed action?
Does the proposed action maximize shareholder value?
Is the proposed action a benefit to our competitors?
Is the proposed action a benefit to our competitors?
38
When it designs and implements ethical principles, a company is attempting to:
Guide employee's day to day ethical behavior
39
Which of the following career-readiness competencies relate to evidence-based decision making?
Multiple select question.
Critical thinking and problem solving
Self-motivation
Information technology application
Social intelligence
Computational thinking
Critical thinking and problem solving
Information technology application
Computational thinking
40
A graph of decisions and their possible consequences used to create a plan is known as a
Decision Tree
41
While big data provides organizations access to information, ______ generates insights to inform decisions.
AI
Analytics
42
When using the ethical decision tree, management should consider whether a proposed action is both legal and ______.
Ethical
43
Which scenario lends itself to descriptive analytics?
Kristy ran an online store with paid advertising links on several other websites. Her own online platform seemed to work as well as the paid links in drawing customers. Kristy wondered if she could skip renewing these links as they came due.
44
The practice ground for computers to learn, improve, and make accurate decisions is:
Big data
45
According to Bagley, what should businesspeople use as a guide for making good ethical decisions?
Their own sense of right and wrong
46
Which scenario lends itself to predictive analytics?
Lisa needed to analyze how much of her sales were generated by carry-out; maybe she needed to add a delivery driver.
Maurice wanted to know the most common item found in abandoned carts on his website.
Phoebe had a stack of applicants but wanted to hire the right person; she desired to know their production potential.
Kyle wondered how many customers in the store's loyalty program used the services.
Phoebe had a stack of applicants but wanted to hire the right person; she desired to know their production potential.
47
Soft skills do not have a role in evidence-based decision making.
False
48
Which of these are examples of business analytics?
Portfolio analysis
Time-series forecast
49
Which evaluation tool combines historical data with statistical models and machine learning to make predictions?
Predictive Analytics
49
Which statement illustrates the volume characteristic of big data?
Multiple choice question.
Amazon uses AI and human moderators to remove fraudulent product reviews.
Big data continuously mines our smartphone usage data, social media presence, online shopping habits, etc.
Google completes so many searches it produces a daily 'trending' topic.
People send nearly 300 billion emails daily and upload three-quarters of a million hours of new content on YouTube, mostly stored in the cloud.
People send nearly 300 billion emails daily and upload three-quarters of a million hours of new content on YouTube, mostly stored in the cloud.
49
The process of gathering and analyzing high-quality data to develop and implement a plan of action is called:
evidence-based decision making
49
Which choice defines computers using algorithms and statistical models to detect data patterns without being explicitly programmed?
Machine learning
50
Data collected from your smartphone, online gaming sessions, internet searches, and smart appliances best illustrate which feature of big data?
Variety
50
An online retailer uses complex data-mining software to evaluate the preferences and buying habits of its customers and makes decisions based on these findings. This is an example of the use of ______ in the decision-making process.
Analytics
51
Which big data characteristic refers to the quantity of data and the storage capacity required to house it?
Volume
52
A business uses a high velocity of data to:
Run reports real time
53
The term veracity, as it applies to big data, means:
Source Credibility
54
When referring to a dimension of big data, the term value means:
Data's insight yield
55
The variety element of big data represents:
the different sources created by humans and machines
56
Which application of big data is typically used by employees at the top managerial level of an organization?
Influencing others to support data-driven decisions
57
In terms of big data, what does velocity mean?
the speed of data generation
58
How does missing, fake, or inaccurate data create problems?
It skews the data patterns, making the determination of meaningful results difficult.
59
Lower-level managers often focus on analyzing and safeguarding data, which require the ______ career readiness competencies of computational thinking and information technology application.
Hard
59
Which of these tools identifies trends and relationships within big data?
Descriptive Analytics
60
Research shows an organization's data and analytics capabilities improve its ______.
Productivity
61
Which of the following applications of big data are typically used by employees at the lower managerial level of an organization? (Choose every correct answer.)
Multiple select question.
Analyzing data
Making data-driven decisions and strategizing
Presenting data to executives
Safeguarding data
Analyzing data
Safeguarding data
62
Which choice correctly describes an autonomous device?
It is a machine that uses programming goals to arrive at decisions.
63
A factory manager notices a decline in production output over the last quarter. While attempting to analyze the underlying causes of the production decline, the manager is engaged in?
diagnosis.
64
Which models of decision making describe how managers actually make decisions?
nonrational
65
Zahra earned a law degree and is a member of her state’s bar association. She was recently promoted to human resources manager and is relied upon by the executives of her company to guide them through legal issues and ethical dilemmas. These qualifications suggest that Zahra would likely make a good
ethics officer.
66
A ________ is a graph of decisions and their possible consequences.
decision tree
67
To decide how much an insurance policy should cost a customer, underwriters use ________, such as historical industry trends and statistical probabilities, to predict risk levels.
data analytics
68
A person's decision-making style is a combination of how a person perceives something as well as
How they respond to it
69
Colin is a paralegal for a powerful Manhattan-based corporate law firm. He likes the fast pace of his work and the fact that things are always changing there. Colin can be said to
have a high tolerance for ambiguity.
70
Value orientation reflects the extent to which a person is unethical.
False
71
Which of the following is a primary use of AI among U.S. companies?
To gain competitive advantage
72
Which personality dimension indicates the extent to which a person has a high need for structure or control?
ethical foundation
tolerance for ambiguity
value orientation
bounded rationality
tolerance for ambiguity
73
What are the four general styles of decision making associated with a person's value orientation and tolerance for ambiguity? (Choose every correct answer.)
Choices: Behavioral, Conceptual, Collaborative, Directive, Formative, Analytical
Behavioral
Conceptual
Directive
Analytical
73
Which of the following are the top challenges associated with AI? (Choose every correct answer.)
Multiple select question.
Cost
Data issues
Implementation
Enhanced decision making
Cost
Data issues
Implementation
73
Decision-making styles vary along which two dimensions? (Choose every correct answer.)
Tolerance for ambiguity
Value orientation
74
Jackson likes to hear the facts of a situation and make a quick decision based on these facts. His employees say he likes to focus on the here and now and doesn't consider future repercussions of his decisions. What type of decision-making style does Jackson use?
Directive
75
Value orientation reflects the extent to which an individual focuses on which of the following dimensions?
Technical concerns or social concerns
76
Which of these characteristics are associated with someone with a high tolerance for ambiguity? (Choose every correct answer.)
Thriving in uncertain situations
Lacking a strong need for control
76
When making decisions for her department, Ellie tends to take a long time because she takes into consideration a large amount of information. What type of decision-making style does Ellie demonstrate?
Analytical
77
Which decision-making style is the most people oriented of the four styles?
Behavioral
78
Which decision-making style is characterized by a high tolerance for ambiguity and the consideration of many options together with a willingness to take risks?
Conceptual
79
The most cited challenge to artificial intelligence (AI) is:
Implementation
80
Which of these describe how knowledge of decision-making styles affects managers' work? (Choose every correct answer.)
It allows managers to better identify personal strengths and weaknesses.
It gives managers an understanding of how different people reach different conclusions.
81
An individual with a high tolerance for ambiguity would most likely be attracted to which style of decision making?
Analytical
82
People with the ______ style of decision making are action-oriented and like to focus on facts. They also tend to be autocratic-type managers.
Directive
83
______ are strategies such as "rules of thumb" that simplify decision making.
Heuristic
84
Which one of the following best describes the decisions made by a person with an analytical style?
Carefully considers lots information and alternatives
85
Eileen had provided the weekly inventory report to the management team every Friday for the past four months, but she wasn't able to generate the report last week because she was attending a seminar learning how to use the new inventory software. Her boss sent her an e-mail reminding her of the importance of the report and asking her to be sure and submit it every Friday. This is an example of ______.
availability bias
86
People with a conceptual decision-making style are likely to do which of the following? (Choose every correct answer.)
Take risks
Find creative solutions
Rely on intuition
87
A manager who hires all applicants who have graduated from a certain college because a particularly good employee came from that same college is an example of ______.
Representativeness bias
88
Rather than holding formal meetings in the board room, Kevin prefers meeting with his group over lunch at a restaurant. He feels that his group opens up more during these lunches and opinions are openly exchanged. Which style of decision making does Kevin use?
Behavioral
89
The ______ bias occurs when people seek data to support their point of view and disregard information that does not support it.
Confirmation
90
Knowledge of decision-making styles can assist managers in many ways except for which one of the following?
It increases the biases of the manager toward their favorite style.
91
Rosa hired Luis from Cajun College. He was an amazing employee and exceeded all her expectations. The next year, Rosa received an application for a job opening from another graduate from Cajun College. She was very excited to hire another outstanding candidate. Rosa has ________ bias.
representativeness
92
Which of these is accurate regarding using groups to make decisions?
Groups have a greater pool of knowledge.
93
Terrence’s team is very close and tends to agree on most decisions with little discussion. Terrence should be concerned about
groupthink.
94
The toughest challenges to overcome with artificial intelligence are
implementation, data issues, and cost.
95
How is critical thinking different from moment-to-moment thinking?
Critical thinking requires conscious processing, while moment-to-moment thinking is automatic and can be biased.
96
Apex Enterprises spent a large amount of money to customize a pumping system it bought many years ago. A supplier is now offering a new pumping system that will save the company money in the long term. However, Apex decides to keep the older system because it has already spent so much money on the older system. What type of bias is this an example of?
Sunk-Cost
97
Heuristics are strategies that ______ the process of making decisions.
Simplify
98
What type of bias refers to the tendency to make decisions based on an initial figure that may or may not be in line with market realities?
Anchoring and adjustment
98
True or false: The availability bias means that your manager may give more weight to your most recent work rather than everything you have done over the course of year.
True
99
You fall prey to the overconfidence bias when you ______ your knowledge or expertise in a decision situation.
Overestimate
100
Which of these is another term for hindsight bias?
the "I-knew-it-all-along" effect
101
"Don't tell me the truth; just tell me what I want to hear" is an example of the _______ bias.
Confirmation
102
The tendency of decision makers to be influenced by the way a situation or problem is presented to them is referred to as the ______ bias.
Framing
103
You go to the movie theater to see the latest release by your favorite actor. You quickly realize the movie is not very good, but instead of walking out, you stay to watch the rest of the movie, figuring that you've already spent $9.50 for a movie ticket and $6 for popcorn. This is an example of the _______ bias.
sunk-cost
104
"Throwing good money after bad" characterizes the ______ bias.
escalation of commitment
105
Samantha had never traveled to New York City before, but she had been on a recent business trip to Houston. When she learned that the hotel room she wanted in New York City cost $300 per night, she was shocked because she thought the hotel rooms would be priced similarly to those in Houston. This is an example of the ______ bias.
anchoring and adjustment
106
Which techniques are effective ways to reduce the escalation of commitment? (Choose every correct answer.)
Rotate managers in key positions during a project.
Encourage managers to become ego-involved with their projects.
Set a date or budget for when you should withdraw from a project.
Rotate managers in key positions during a project.
Make decision makers aware of the costs of persistence.
107
Overconfidence bias is the tendency of decision makers to be influenced by the way a situation or problem is presented to them.
False
108
Identify the drawbacks to using intuition in the decision-making process. (Choose every correct answer.)
It is subject to the same decision-making biases as rational decision making.
It can be difficult to convince others about the validity of your hunch.
It is ineffectual when decision-making deadlines are tight.
It generally takes longer than rational decision making.
It is subject to the same decision-making biases as rational decision making.
It can be difficult to convince others about the validity of your hunch.
109
Which model of decision making emphasizes choosing the first solution that meets the criteria rather than the optimal choice?
Satisficing
110
Which of these are reasons for the increase in ethical violations among business leaders in the 21st century?
More flexible regulations.
Digital communications increase exposure to risk from both hackers and whistle-blowers.
Companies are expanding operations into developing countries where ethical risks may be higher and laws less protective.
It has become customary for business leaders to self-report unethical behavior.
Digital communications increase exposure to risk from both hackers and whistle-blowers.
Companies are expanding operations into developing countries where ethical risks may be higher and laws less protective.
111
Sam is an experienced firefighter who must act quickly and decisively to do his job. He frequently relies on his ______ to make decisions when there is no time for rational analysis.
intuition
112
A decision tree is an analytical tool that can help managers understand the possible consequences of their decisions and to create a plan to reach a goal.
True
113
How is machine learning tied to AI?
Machine learning is the "intelligence" part of AI.
114
Which of these are autonomous devices? More than one answer may be correct.
self-driving cars
electric bicycles
chatbots
hobby drones
Self-driving
Chatbots
115
Match the AI function with the appropriate type of AI in the other column.
functions: automate, analyze, advise, and anticipate.
type of AI: Algorithmic AI, Conversational AI, Biometric AI, and Robotic AI.
automate -- robotic AI
analyze -- biometric AI
advise -- conversational AI
anticipate -- algorithmic AI
116
A recent survey of U.S. companies showed that most companies use AI to do which of the following? (choose every correct answer.)
Replace employees
Enhance current offerings
Optimize internal processes
Make more effective decisions
Enhance current offerings
Optimize internal processes
Make more effective decisions
117
Which of the following applications of big data are typically used by employees at the lower managerial level of an organization? (Choose every correct answer.)
Multiple select question.
Analyzing data
Safeguarding data
Making data-driven decisions and strategizing
Presenting data to executives
Analyzing data
Safeguarding data
118
Which of the following career readiness competencies are typically exhibited by middle managers? (Choose every correct answer.)
Multiple select question.
Decision making
Oral/written communication
Leadership
Understanding the business
Information technology application
Decision making
Oral/written communication
Understanding the business
119
Which type of AI meets the 'advise' function of artificial intelligence?
biometric AI
robotic AI
conversational AI
algorithmic AI
conversational AI
120
People with a(n) ______ decision-making style have a low tolerance for ambiguity and are task oriented. They are efficient, logical, and practical in their approach to solving problems and making decisions. Which style do they use?
directive
121
People with the ______ style of decision making are action oriented and like to focus on facts. They also tend to be autocratic-type managers.
directive
122
In the ______ bias, managers use information readily available from memory to make judgments.
availability
123
The ______ bias reflects our tendency to generalize from a small sample or single event.
representativeness
124
Bob was unsure how his boss was going to react to his proposal, so he was careful to put an upbeat "spin" on the situation to emphasize the positive aspects rather than the negative aspects. Bob's method of presenting the situation demonstrates the ______ bias.
Framing
125
The ______ bias is demonstrated when managers add up all the money already spent on a project and conclude it is too costly to simply abandon it.
sunk-cost
126
Ramona is bidding on an auction item against several other people. She knows the bid is already too high, but she doesn't want to give up, so she continues bidding. This is an example of the ______ bias.
escalation of commitment
127
The ______ bias occurs when people's positive feelings about their own decision-making ability is greater than their objective accuracy.
Overconfidence
128
The tendency of people to view events as being more predictable than they really are is referred to as ______ bias.
hind sight
129
The tendency of decision makers to be influenced by the way a situation or problem is presented to them is referred to as the _____ bias.
framing
130
One method of reducing the escalation of commitment is to ______.
rotate decision-makers
131
When decision makers increase their commitment to a project despite negative information about it, they are experiencing which type of bias?
Escalation of commitment
132
Which type of bias is described by the tendency of decision makers to classify people or information based on observed or inferred characteristics?
Categorical thinking
133
Which of the following is an advantage of group decision making?
satisficing
goal displacement
groupthink
information accumulation
information accumulation
134
Which of the following are disadvantages associated with group-aided decision making? (Choose every correct answer.)
The final decision will be based on a small pool of knowledge and a single, narrow viewpoint.
A few people may influence or intimidate the rest of the group.
Group members may engage in satisficing to avoid prolonged debate.
The group may fall into groupthink.
A few people may influence or intimidate the rest of the group.
Group members may engage in satisficing to avoid prolonged debate.
The group may fall into groupthink.
135
Goal ______ occurs when the primary goal is subsumed by a secondary goal.
displacement
136
Sam follows Fox News Channel on Facebook so she can occasionally see news from a viewpoint that contrasts with the posts on her regular Newsfeed. As a result, Facebook mislabels Sam as "conservative." What is this an example of?
Categorical thinking bias
137
Jai is a member of a tight-knit team at work that avoids any kind of disagreement. Team members, therefore, avoid considering new ideas. What behavior is Jai's team exhibiting?
Groupthink
138
The following are advantages to group decision making except ______.
superiors dominating or intimidating the group
139
What are three characteristics that affect decision making by a group? (Choose every correct answer.)
The efficiency of the group
The fact that groups tend to make bad decisions
The knowledge of group members
The size of the group
The efficiency of the group
The knowledge of group members
The size of the group
140
During which of the following is positive team spirit and striving for unanimity most likely to lead to poor decision making?
Groupthink
141
When rivals are focused on winning an argument rather than the goal of a meeting and the topics of the meeting are not discussed, it is an example of ______.
goal displacement
142
Minority occurs when a minority in a group publicly opposes the beliefs, attitudes, ideas, procedures, or policies assumed by the majority of the group.
dissent
143
A consensus is reached when all members are able to express their opinions ______.
and reach agreement to support the final decision
144
What are common results of groupthink?
Failure to consider new information
Loss of new ideas
145
All the following are characteristics of group decision making except _____.
groups make decisions quickly
146
What strategies are effective for achieving consensus in a group? (Choose every correct answer.)
Involve as many group members as possible.
Put questions to a vote.
Find ways to trade favors.
Use active listening.
Involve as many group members as possible.
Use active listening.
147
When a few members of a group publicly oppose the beliefs, ideas, policies, or procedures assumed by the majority of the group, it is referred to as
minority dissent
148
What is the name of a technique used to help groups generate multiple ideas for solving problems in which potential ideas or solutions are collected (sometimes anonymously) and written on a board or flip chart?
Brainstorming
149
Even though not everyone in the meeting agreed with the final decision, the group decided to proceed and replace all existing machine parts in the warehouse. In this situation, the group had ______.
reached a consensus
150
Brainwriting is the process of brainstorming by using ______.
a computer network
151
During meetings, Stacy likes to challenge new ideas, even those that she agrees with, in order to make sure that her team has considered every angle. What role is Stacy playing?
Devil's advocate
152
In a recent team meeting, Terry agreed to vote in favor of rearranging the office so long as his desk would be near a window. Which negative method of achieving consensus does this illustrate?
Log rolling
153
Michelle met with her five employees around a table and asked each of them to take five minutes to write down what they personally thought their new facility should include. She then collected the information and wrote it on the white board for all of them to view and decide upon. Michelle is using the ______ technique.
brainstorming
154
The managers of Coastal Imports are having a meeting to decide whether the company should raise prices on its best-selling products. During the meeting, the team engages in a debate in which one side argues that the company should lower its prices while the other side argues in favor of raising them. Which problem-solving technique is the group using?
Dialectic method
155
Electronic brainstorming, also called ______, is a technique used to help members of a group come together over a computer network to generate ideas and alternatives for solving problems.
brainwriting
156
In the devil's advocacy technique, the group assigns one person to do which of the following?
Uncover all possible objections to a plan or an idea.
157
After a major product launch, managers at McLaughlin Industries meet to evaluate outcomes and how those outcomes differ from what the group expected. This approach is part of which group problem-solving technique?
Project post-mortem
158
Which strategies are recommended for conducting a successful project post-mortem? (Choose every correct answer.)
Have an agenda.
Encourage honest feedback from all participants.
Wait at least six months after the project concludes to conduct the post-mortem.
Prepare and circulate a written report at the end of the meeting.
Have an agenda.
Encourage honest feedback from all participants.
Prepare and circulate a written report at the end of the meeting.
159
Which questions should you ask when developing ready-made solutions based on past experiences? (Choose every correct answer.)
Who was most responsible for the problem?
What was the solution?
What was the problem?
What lessons can you derive from this experience?
What was the solution?
What was the problem?
What lessons can you derive from this experience?
160
In the ______ method, groups engage in a structured debate between opposing positions (thesis and antithesis) with the aim of reaching a consensus.
dialectic
161
Which steps are recommended for establishing a process or method for making decisions? (Choose every correct answer.)
Consider whether the decision is consistent with your values.
Ignore feedback or opinions from others and go with your gut instinct.
Analyze the situation.
Conduct a cost-benefit analysis.
Consider whether the decision is consistent with your values.
Analyze the situation.
Conduct a cost-benefit analysis.
162
What is the goal of conducting a project post-mortem?
To determine what could be done better and incorporate those insights into future decisions
163
How does a project post-mortem boost team cohesiveness?
Members become closer and better understand others' contributions.
164
What is the best way to develop a ready-made solution?
Identify best practices and turn them into standard operating procedure.
165
What is the recommended step you should take after making a decision?
Observe the results, then conduct a post-mortem.
