Chapter 7

Question 1

ointments are ______ dosage forms

Answer 1

semi solid

Question 2

the most commonly used semi solid dosage forms are

Answer 2

ointments, creams, pastes, gels, jellies and suppositories

Question 3

semi solid preparations are intended for ______ application like the __________

Answer 3

external, skin

Question 4

preparations that do not contain therapeutic agents are used for their _______ effects such as ________

Answer 4

physical
protectants, emollients, lubricants

Question 5

what are the uses of semi solid dosage forms?

Answer 5

to protect the skin/mucous membrane from chemical/physical irritants in the environment and to permit rejuvenation of the tissue

to provide hydration of the skin

to provide an emollient effect

to provide a vehicle for applying a medication either for local or systemic effect

Question 6

what is an example of a semi solid dosage form that provides a vehicle for local effect?

Answer 6

application of a topical antibiotic

Question 7

what is an example of a semi solid dosage form that provides a vehicle for systemic effect?

Answer 7

application of nitroglycerin ointment for treating angina

Question 8

what factors need to be considered when compounding semi solid preparations?

Answer 8

choosing the proper base for the preparation

calculating quantities needed

choosing proper equipment needed

incorporating solids into preparation base

using proper technique to incorporate liquids

Question 9

What are the 6 factors that determine the type of base that must be selected to prepare an ointment?

Answer 9

1. desirability of percutaneous absorption of drug
2. the action or effect of product desired
3. base as vehicle for a medicinal substance
4. patient factors
5. the area of application
6. specified ointment base

Question 10

What factors should be considered if the ointment base is being used as a vehicle for a medicinal substance?

Answer 10

1. desired drug release and bioavailability of the incorporated medication
2. short term as well as long term stability of the medication in the ointment base
3. compatibility of the medication with the ointment base
4. effect of drug on the consistency of the ointment base

Question 11

a specific ointment base can be used due to ______ or ____________ to substitute the prescribed base with a more desirable base

Answer 11

compatibility or stability reasons

Question 12

T or F: before substituting a base, the prescriber does not need to be consulted

Answer 12

False. They do.

Question 13

What are the desirable properties of an ointment base?

Answer 13

meets USP standards for microbial content

stable chemically/physically

nontoxic, non sensitizing, nonirritating, nonreactive

compatible with a wide variety of drugs and auxiliary agents

easy to apply to affected area, and remain in contact with the site of application until desired, and then be able to be easily removed

maintain its desired consistency after the drug has been incorporated into the base

free from objectionable odor, aesthetically appealing and non greasy

Question 14

the absence of certain microbes such as _____ and ______ because of their capacity to infect skin which is already probably compromised

Answer 14

stap aureus
pseudomonas aeruginosa

Question 15

what are the four general classes of ointment bases?

Answer 15

hydrocarbon
absorption
water removable
water soluble

Question 16

what is another name for hydrocarbon bases?

Answer 16

oleaginous bases

Question 17

what are the two types of absorption bases?

Answer 17

anhydrous - containing not more than 0.25% water / absorb water/ form W/O emulsions

W/O emulsions to begin with and capable of accepting small amounts of water without losing physical characteristic

Question 18

Whats another name for water removable bases?

Answer 18

oil in water emulsions

Question 19

what are some characteristics of hydrocarbon bases?

Answer 19

insoluble in water
do not contain water
will not absorb water
not water washable
greasy
emollient and occlusive

Question 20

what are some examples of hydrocarbon bases?

Answer 20

plastibase
vaseline
white ointment
white petrolatum
yellow ointment
yellow petrolatum

Question 21

what are some characteristics of absorption bases (anhydrous) ?

Answer 21

insoluble in water
can absorb water
not water washable
greasy
emollient and occlusive

Question 22

what is the difference between hydrocarbon bases and absorption bases?

Answer 22

hydrocarbon bases cannot absorb water and absorption bases (anhydrous) can

Question 23

what are some examples of absorption bases (anhydrous)?

Answer 23

aquabase
aquaphor
hydrophilic petrolatum
lanolin
polysorb

Question 24

what are some characteristics of absorption bases (w/o emulsions)?

Answer 24

insoluble in water
not water washable
contain water
can absorb small amount of water
greasy
emollient and occlusive

Question 25

what are some examples of absorption bases (w/o)?

Answer 25

cold cream eucerin hydrocream lanolin, hydrous nivea rose water ointment

Question 26

what are some characteristics of water removable bases (o/w)?

Answer 26

insoluble in water water washable contain water can absorb water non occlusive non greasy

Question 27

what are some examples of water removable bases?

Answer 27

dermabase hydrophilic ointment unibase vanishing cream velvachol

Question 28

what are some characteristics of water soluble bases?

Answer 28

water soluble water washable can absorb small amount of water anhydrous or hydrous non occlusive non greasy

Question 29

what are some examples of water soluble bases?

Answer 29

PEG

Question 30

when preparing ointments and determining the quantities needed pharmacist like to __________

Answer 30

calculate slightly higher to compensate for loss during compounding and transferring preparation

Question 31

what are the two basic pieces of equipment used for compounding and ointment preparation?

Answer 31

ointment slab and pad spatulas

Question 32

what are ointment pads made of?

Answer 32

waxed or parchment paper

Question 33

what are the benefits of using an ointment pad?

Answer 33

minimizes cleanup

Question 34

what is preferred, an ointment slab or pad? why?

Answer 34

slab, less loss of product

Question 35

What are large metal spatulas used for compared to small metal spatulas?

Answer 35

large - levigation, spatulation, incorporation of solid and liquid ingredients in to the ointment base small - removing product from large and transferring

Question 36

when are black rubber or plastic spatulas used?

Answer 36

special purpose - used when ingredients react with metal

Question 37

which ingredients react with metal spatulas?

Answer 37

iodine, salicyclic acid

Question 38

black rubber or plastic spatulas are not for general use in compounding ointments becaus

Answer 38

they do not have proper combination of flexibility and strength to give adequate shear and mixing

Question 39

what are important factors to consider when incorporating solids into an ointment base?

Answer 39

choice of drug form levigation solvent

Question 40

What is the most preferred drug form?

Answer 40

a fine powder

Question 41

What is levigation?

Answer 41

levigation is the process of incorporating a solid by triturating it in a mortar or spatulating it on an ointment slab with a small amount of liquid

Question 42

the levigating agent should be

Answer 42

a liquid, somewhat viscous, low surface tension to improve ease of wetting the solid

Question 43

the solid during levigation should be

Answer 43

NOT soluble in the levigating agent

Question 44

what are the commonly used levigating agents?

Answer 44

mineral oil glycerin propylene glycol peg 400 cottonseed oil castor oil polysorbate 80

Question 45

what is another name for polysorbate 80

Answer 45

tween 80

Question 46

which levigating agent can be a substitute for mineral oil when vegetable oil is preffered?

Answer 46

cottonseed oil

Question 47

which levigating agent is used for coal tar/when a surfactant is needed?

Answer 47

tween 80

Question 48

which levigating agent may be incompatible with some w/o emulsion bases?

Answer 48

tween 80

Question 49

which levigating agent is used with oleaginous bases, absorption bases, and w/o emulsion bases?

Answer 49

mineral oil

Question 50

mineral oil is miscible with fixed oils except

Answer 50

castor oil

Question 51

mineral oil is immiscible with

Answer 51

alcohol, PEG 400, glycerin, propylene glycol, and water

Question 52

glycerin is a levigating agent used with

Answer 52

o/w emulsion bases, water soluble bases, ichthanmol

Question 53

glycerin is miscible with

Answer 53

alcohol, PEG 400, glycerin, propylene glycol and water

Question 54

glycerin is immiscible with

Answer 54

mineral oil and fixed oil

Question 55

propylene glycol is a levigatating agent used with

Answer 55

o/w emulsion bases, water soluble bases

Question 56

what is propylene glycol miscible with?

Answer 56

alcohol, peg 400, glycerin, propylene glycol and water

Question 57

propylene glycol is immiscible with

Answer 57

mineral and fixed oils

Question 58

hydrocarbon bases are mainly used for

Answer 58

their emollient effect

Question 59

which base is retained on the skin for prolonged periods of time?

Answer 59

hydrocarbon bases

Question 60

water free preparations are which bases?

Answer 60

hydrocarbon

Question 61

what kind of emulsion is rose water ointment?

Answer 61

semisolid white w/o emulsion

Question 62

T or F Levigating agents are usually chosen to be chemically similar to ointment base

Answer 62

T

Question 63

which levigating agent is generally chosen for water removable and water soluble bases?

Answer 63

glycerin - miscible with water

Question 64

which levigating agent is generally chosen for oil bases?

Answer 64

mineral oil

Question 65

what levigating agent is reccomended with peruvian balsam? why?

Answer 65

castor oil contains sulfur

Question 66

T or F: Hydrocarbon bases are easy to wash off

Answer 66

F, difficult to wash off

Question 67

what is the main drawback of hydrocarbon bases?

Answer 67

they do not absorb water or aqueous solutions limited amount of alcoholic solutions absorb

Question 68

what base is known as simple ointment?

Answer 68

yellow ointment

Question 69

why does yellow ointment have a slightly greater viscosity than petrolatum?

Answer 69

the inclusion of yellow wax, makes it stiffer

Question 70

a synthetic counterpart of petrolatum is

Answer 70

plastibase

Question 71

what is the advantage of plastibase

Answer 71

wide spectrum of temperature range that has little effect on altering base consistency

Question 72

hydrophilic bases that have the ability to absorb added water

Answer 72

absorption bases

Question 73

______ result in the formation of w/o emulsions

Answer 73

anhydrous bases

Question 74

what is the main ingredient in anhydrous absorption bases?

Answer 74

cholesterol

Question 75

refined wool fat is also known as

Answer 75

anhydrous lanolin

Question 76

hydrophilic petrolatum is made of

Answer 76

cholesterol, stearyl alcohol, white wax, white petrolatum

Question 77

aluminum acetate solution is also known as

Answer 77

burrows solution

Question 78

burrows solution is incompatible with

Answer 78

alkalis, carbonate and borax

Question 79

cold cream and rose oil share the same formula except

Answer 79

cold cream has mineral oil instead of almond oil

Question 80

cold cream is

Answer 80

a white semi solid w/o emulsionn

Question 81

what cannot be used with cold cream

Answer 81

salicylic acid

Question 82

iodine is incompatible with

Answer 82

reducing agents, volatile oils, alkaloids, and strong oxidizing agents

Question 83

T or F alcohol does not mix well with hydrocarbon bases

Answer 83

T