Chapter 7 Flashcards
(19 cards)
Define cellular respiration and write the overall reaction of cellular respiration.
Living cells get energy from organic molecules and release waste
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
The reactant that we breathe in:
Oxygen(O2)
-aerobic respiration
The product that we breathe out:
carbon dioxide (CO2)
-oxidation
The reactant that accepts electrons from glucose:
The product that gains electrons from oxygen:
The reactant that gives up electrons:
The reactant that has large amounts of chemical potential energy:
Glycolysis
Reactants: glucose(6 carbon atoms)
Products:
-2 pyruvate molecules(3 carbon each)
-2 ATP molecules(substrate-level phosphorylation)
-2NADH
Location: Cytosol
Breakdown of Pyruvate to an acetyl group
Reactants: 2 pyruvates
Products:
-acetyl-CoA(2 carbons each)
-1 Co2 molecule
-2 NADH
Location: Matrix of the mitochondrion
Citric acid cycle
Reactants: 2 acetyl-CoA
Products:
-4 CO2
-2 ATP
-6 NADH
-2 FADH2
Location: Matrix of the mitochondrion
Oxidative Phosphorylation
(ETC and ATP Synthase)
Reactants: 6 NADH & 2 FADH
Products:
-ATP
-30+34 ATP
Location: Plasma membrane
Explain how the Electron Transport Chain gets energy to pump Hydrogen ions against the gradient.
Electron movement provides energy to move H ions against their gradient.
Hydrogen ions flow from the low matrix to the high intermembrane space.
Describe how ATP Synthase uses the Hydrogen gradient to get energy to make ATP (endergonic).
Allows H+ to move through it DOWN its gradient. ATP Synthase spins with hydrogen flow to make ATP.
Hydrogen ions flow from the high intermembrane space to the low
Describe the role of NADH and FADH2 in Oxidative Phosphorylation. What do they bring from the other 3 stages of cellular respiration
NADH and FADH₂ bring glycolysis and the Citric cycle electrons to the Electron Transport Chain in oxidative phosphorylation to make ATP.
Describe what happens to cellular respiration if the final electron acceptor oxygen is not present and relate this to why cells (and organisms) die if they don’t have oxygen for a long time.
Causes cells to run out of energy and die, as oxygen is needed to keep the chain running.
Fermentation involves glycolysis and an extra step called NAD regeneration ( NADHNAD+).
Describe what happens to cellular respiration if the final electron acceptor oxygen is not present and relate this to why cells (and organisms) die if they don’t have oxygen for a long time.
Explain why NAD regeneration has to occur in order to keep glycolysis going in the absence of oxygen.
Without oxygen, the Electron Transport Chain stops, and ATP isn’t made.
NAD regeneration keeps glycolysis going by recycling NAD+ to keep making ATP without oxygen.
Compare fermentation and cellular respiration with regards to stages used, oxygen requirements and ATP production.
Why will cells that are capable of fermentation preferentially carry out cellular respiration?
Cells prefer cellular respiration: which produces more ATP providing more energy.
Compare the products of lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation.
Lactic acid fermentation:
-Pyruvate is reduced directly to form lactate as a waste product; NAD is produced
Alcohol fermentation:
-Pyruvate is converted to ethanol in two steps, one of which releases CO2, NAD is produced
