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SOCIO EXAM HUMAN VERSION > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is WHO and what is its definition of good health?

A

World Health Organization
-Absence of symptoms of illness or signs of disease
-Presence of well-being and sense of being health (contradictory)
-Capacity to perform ADLs and to function with some degree of independence

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2
Q

what is health?

A

multidimensional concept
- genetic, biological, physical, psychological, social dimensions
- Changes over the life course
- trajectories and transitions
- health is not static
Subjective experience

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3
Q

incidence definition

A

rate of new cases (illness)

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4
Q

prevalence

A

current rate of illnesses

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5
Q

acute conditions

A

sudden onset, last short time (cold, flu)
- can become chronic

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6
Q

Chronic conditions

A

long-term diseases
not inherently fatal but incurable
can lead to acute symptoms

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7
Q

morbidity

A

state of having a specific disease or condition

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8
Q

multimorbidity

A

experience of more than one chronic condition in an individual (2/3 of 27 common chronic illnesses)

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9
Q

comorbidity

A

medical conditions in addition to primary diagnosis

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10
Q

resilience against multimorbidity

A

positive adaptice strategies

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11
Q

Lifecourse Model of Multimorbidity Resilience domains (LMNR)

A

functional
- resilience to help people maintain social roles and activity
social
- able to access help from health care, family, etc
psychological
- having disability can affect behaviour and how we react to having disability

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12
Q

medical model of care vs. social model of care

A

medical model (dominates western society)
- focus on physiological and biological
- causes and treatment of disease
- criticized for overmedicalizing
social model
- health has a social, psychological and biological basis
- focus on individual prevention, continuum of health care
- criticized for over-emphasizing individual responsibility

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13
Q

HPM, PHM, PHPM

A

health promotion model
population health model
population health promotion model

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14
Q

what does the health promotion model do?

A

promote healthy behaviours, targets people, recognizes importance of equality, environment, community, individual behaviours

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15
Q

what does population health model do?

A

focus on identifying determinants of health

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16
Q

what does population health promotion model do?

A

combines HPM & PHM to focus on determinants of health (micro, meso, macro)
health promotion strategies and policy making

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17
Q

major causes of death in Canada 2022

A

heart disease, cancer, covid

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18
Q

are elderly more likely to have chronic or acute conditions?

A

chronic; most report having 2 or more

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19
Q

Mental health illnesses common in elderly, and how likely to be diagnosed

A

depression, anxiety, dementia, delirium, delusional disorders
often undiagnosed or misdiagnosed

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20
Q

barriers to mental health care

A

lack of understanding
inadequate funding
lack of training (no geriatric services)
misprescribing

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21
Q

depression (who is more likely, types, triggers, suicides)

A

higher rates for women and long-term care residents
2 types: major depression, dysthymia
triggers: multiple concurrent losses, lack of support, drug interactions, chronic pain, physical illness, caring for frail spouse
suicide more likely in males over 85

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22
Q

dementia definition, who its common in, which type is common, and aspects of abilities one can lose

A

impairs memory, thinking, behaviour
more common in women, increases with age
most common is Alzheimer’s
abilities:
cognitive: memory, language, comprehension
emotional: aggression, shouting, can’t express emotions
social: can’t start convos, plan, or stop wandering

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23
Q

what is alzheimer’s and how could it be prevented?

A

degenerative disease of the brain
progressively destroys cognitive functioning
no simple test confirms, no cure (only identify after death)
prevention: multi-disciplinary health approaches, home care, drugs, and recreational therapy can help prevent

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24
Q

how has health of older adults changed over time?

A

health of older people on average is improving due to:
- higher education
- better nutrition/ health care
- compression of disability

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25
is the rate of chronic disease and mild disability rising or falling?
rising
26
baby boomers have better health behaviours but....
higher obesity and more chronic illnesses
27
what are the social determinants of health
economic, social conditions that affect individual health cumulative effects (early life, education, gender, income, indigenous, housing)
28
What are key social and social-psychological determinants of health?
- Higher socioeconomic status (SES) is positively related to better health - Better hygiene, housing, and food quality improve health - Cultural differences influence how health is expressed - Health beliefs and knowledge contribute to better health outcomes - Self-efficacy is linked to healthier practices - Women are more likely to report symptoms and be prescribed CNS drugs - Lifestyle affects health and illness coping - Access to healthcare is especially important for disadvantaged groups
29
how does SES affect health?
SES includes education, occupation, economic status affects access to health-care services
30
is inequality cumulative in health?
yes, its a cumulative process that unfolds over the life course early life experiences diverse where life goes in old age social systems generate inequality, not just the person
31
how is health and aging different for women?
since women live longer, they live more years with a disability, non-fatal chronic disease and stress/ anxiety use health care services more, medications, residential care biological and social explanations
32
how is health and aging different for LGBTQ+
report worse mental health youth report more depression, suicidal thoughts and behaviour bisexual youth most at risk of bad mental health higher rate of physical problems discrimination in institutions is biggest barrier
33
health and aging for immigrants
life expectancy and health are higher (healthy immigrant effect HIE) have to be healthy sometimes to immigrate longer they live in Canada, the more their health resembles the population language and health-literacy barriers
34
health and aging for Indigenous people
declines in health and social conditions due to decolonization health is significantly worse lower life expectancy (infant mortality, substance abuse, violence, suicide, chronic disease) loss of traditional approaches mistrust of mainstream
35
why doesn’t universal medical care eliminate health inequality?
Medical care is only one part of maintaining health The main problem isn’t access, but the underlying social determinants of health Health inequality persists due to factors like income, education, housing, and environment
36
types of care
self-care informal care formal care
37
self-care definition
activities and strategies individuals use to promote their own well-being, prevent disease, and seek help
38
informal care definition
provision of unpaid support by family, friends, neighbors
39
formal care definition
care provided for payment or formal volunteer
40
Canada's health care Acts
Medical Care Act - Universal medical care implemented, 1972 o Public insurance for acute care Canada Health Act o Federal govt and provinces split costs 50/50; this has been rolled back
41
what is the presence of elderly people in hospitals?
50%+ of patient days in acute-care hospitals
42
home care vs. residential care
home - social and traditional medical services to help "age in place" - recovery residential - regulated, 24 hour supervision for people with chronic illnesses, physical and mental disabilities - non-profit and for-profit
43
Challenges to long-term care in Canada
inadequate attention to growing resident complexity longstanding failure to support workforce underfunding early pandemic (isolation, visitor policies, burnout)
44
healthy transitions definition
changing states of health as individuals age, occur because of dynamic interplay among decisions, personal history and social conditions
45
morbidity compression
people live longer, tendency for onset of disease to occur closer to the end of life
46
healthy life expectancy definition
avg. number of years without disability
47
- As people live longer and free of disability longer, it suggests what?
compression of disability instead of compression of morbidity
48
rate of recovery of severe disability is increasing or decreasing?
decreasing, recovery declines acute conditions take longer to heal from
49
risk factors for chronic illnesses
smoking, drinking, diet, BMI, physical activity, sleep
50
centenarians definition
people who reach 100 years old
51
our current max lifespan
120
52
survivors vs. delayers vs. escapers
survivors: experience age related illness before 80 but make it to 100 delayers: don’t experience age related illness until after 80 but make it to 100 escapers: reach 100 without any age-related illness
53
what are blue zones and where are they?
pockets of extreme longevity Sardinia, Italy (more walking, diet) Okinawa, Japan (small portions, find purpose in life) Loma Linda, Cali (7th day adventists, spirituality)
54
factors associated with morbidity
personal (stress, pain, coping) social (support system) structural (age, gender, etc) cultural (belief system)
55
"well being" paradox
high ratings of perceived health during aging-related health declines can be understood as a set of psycho-social processes (older people compare themselves and their situation with age peers or common images of expected health)
56
self-efficacy definition
perceived confidence that one can accomplish a behavioural change or adopt a new behavior
57
classic health belief model
interacting components of health beliefs central to considering health decisions and behaviour
58
insurance plans have to meet what 5 criteria?
publicly administered comprehensive universal accessible portable
59
prolongevity definition
significant extension of average life expectancy or max lifespan
60
polypharmacy
number of meds you take increase with age
61
beers list what is it
drugs not appropriate for seniors because they are ineffective and pose unnecessary risk (1/3 drugs of older adults are deemed on beers list)
62
3 interacting barriers to health care systems
Self-care Community/ home care Formal medical care Wait times, no beds
63
What factors influence the rate of care for the elderly?
Structural factors (e.g., gender) Enabling factors (e.g., absence of a spouse, rural location) Need factors (e.g., objective medical diagnoses)

SOCIO EXAM HUMAN VERSION (6 decks)

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