Chapter 7 Flashcards
1
Q
Hypotonic
A
Less solutes outside cell
2
Q
Isotonic
A
Equal number of solutes
3
Q
Water chases…
A
Solutes
4
Q
Formula for SA of a rectangle
A
2(LxW) + 2(LxH) + 2(HxW)
5
Q
Hypertonic
A
More solutes outside cell
6
Q
Mitochondria provide…
A
Energy
7
Q
P53
A
Good - last defense against cancer
8
Q
What kind of preparation must a cell undergo before division?
A
It has to be big enough and have enough materials for two cells. Also, before mitosis it has to go through S phase to comply it’s chromosomes (DNA)
9
Q
Why are cells blood, skin and immune systems constantly going
A
They constantly need to be replaced, and if you get an infection your immune system will be able to generate new cells
10
Q
What is unique about the nature of the phosolipid?
A
Head: likes water
Tail: doesn’t like water
11
Q
Cyclins help..
A
Control the cell cycle
12
Q
More cyclins
A
More cell division
13
Q
Less cyclins
A
Less cell division
14
Q
Chromatids
A
Half of a duplicated chromosome
15
Q
Rough ER
A
Deals with proteins
16
Q
Smooth ER
A
Deals with lipids
17
Q
After the ER, the material goes to ..
A
The Golgi Apparatus
18
Q
Difference between peripheral and integral proteins
A
peripheral - attached to one side or the other
Integral- in the nucleus
19
Q
Cells will have a certain structure to fit what the cell or tissue needs to do
A
Structure and function
20
Q
Mitosis
A
division of genetic material
21
Q
Cytokinesis
A
Division of cytoplasm
22
Q
Interphase - preparing for cell division
A
G1 S G2
23
Q
Rudolph
A
Cells came from other cells through division
24
Q
Ribosomes make
A
Proteins
25
Water chases..
Solutes
26
Ratio for SA to volume
SA/Volume. Leave as a decimal
27
Smaller surface area and volume =
Largest ratio
28
Red blood cells carry
Oxygen
29
What are the three parts of the cell theory?
The three parts of the cell theory are that
1. All living things are composed of cells
2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things
3. New cells are produced from existing cells
30
Who are the five scientists that contributed to the cell theory?
1. Robert Hook
2. Anton van
3. Matthias Schleiden
4. Theodore Schwann
5. Rudolph Virchow
31
Robert Hook
Cork cells under a microscope-you see little boxes
32
Anton van
Saw moving microorganisms in Pondwater cells
33
Matthias Schleidan
All plants are made of cells
34
Theodore Schwann
All animals are made of cells
35
What are the three parts of the cell theory?
The three parts of the cell theory are that
1. All living things are composed of cells
2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things
3. New cells are produced from existing cells
36
Who are the five scientists that contributed to the cell theory?
1. Robert Hook
2. Anton van
3. Matthias Schleiden
4. Theodore Schwann
5. Rudolph Virchow
37
Robert Hook
Cork cells under a microscope-you see little boxes
38
Anton van
Saw moving microorganisms in Pondwater cells
39
Matthias Schleidan
All plants are made of cells
40
Theodore Schwann
All animals are made of cells
41
Prokaryotes do not
Contain a nucleus
42
Prokaryotes do
Still have DNA
43
Eukaryotes do
Contain a nucleus
44
Chromatin
Mix of DNA and protein spread throughout the nucleus
45
Chromosomes
When cell division occurs, chromatin gets packed together to form these
46
Centrioles
Small organelles that form spindles
47
What are cell membranes made of?
Lipids proteins and carbohydrates
48
Fluid Mosaic model
Fluid because the phospholipids move around giving the membrane a fluid appearance
Mosaic because it is a combination of so many different parts
49
Solvent
Liquid in a solution
50
Solution
The liquid environment that is mostly water with some stuff dissolved in it
51
Solutes
The stuff dissolved in a solution
52
Diffusion
The simplest way to move materials from one side of the membrane to the other
53
Concentration gradient
Different concentrations on either side of the membrane
54
Does diffusion require energy
Nope, thanks to the natural constant movement of molecules
55
Equal Librium
The molecules continue to move randomly and cross the membrane but they do so at equal rates. once the concentration of solute is the same on either side of the membrane
56
Small amounts of water =
High solutes
57
Large amounts of water =
Low solutes
58
Facilitated diffusion
Needs a doorway. Doesn't need energy
59
Passive transport
Movement of molecules through transporters passively. this doesn't use any extra energy
60
SA of a cube formula
6 (length•width)
61
What characteristics are shared by all cells?
All cells have a cell membrane
| Contain DNA
62
Prokaryotes are
Unicellular
63
Eukaryotes are
Multicellular
64
passive transport
Passive doesn't use any extra energy and is for care gradient
65
Active transport
active requires extra energy and it also requires protein transporters and is against care gradient
66
Bulk transport
Requires energy. Two types: ENDOcytosis, EXOcytosis
67
ENDOcytosis
Goes into
68
EXOcytosis
Comes out of
69
Dna overload
DNA of cell is getting overloaded with demands
70
Can you add DNA?
No
71
Exchanging materials
Food, oxygen, and water enter the cell by crossing its membrane and waste products leave in the same way
72
2 limits to cell growth?
1. DNA overload
| 2. Exchanging materials
73
Do we cells grow to be too large?
Nope
74
What happens to chromosomes as the cell approaches cell division?
It makes a copy to form sister chromatids
75
G1
Cell grows, increasing in size, new proteins and organelles
76
S
DNA Synthesis - chromosomes copy
77
G2
Shortest phase, confirms cell has what it needs to survive
78
M phase
Cell division takes place
79
Interphase
Prep for cell division
80
2 stages in M phase
Mitosis, cytokinesis
81
Mitosis comes
First
82
Cytokinesis comes
Second
83
Mitosis stages (in order)
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
84
Prophase
1st/longest stage of mitosis
85
Metaphase
Lasts only a couple mins
| Chromosomes line up think: Midline-Metaphase
86
Anaphase
Chromosomes split at centromere, each sis chromatid pulled to opposite poles of cell
Identical sets of DNA as a result
Think:anaphase-apart
87
Telophase
New nuclear envelopes form around both groups of chromosomes
Chromosomes spread back out in the new nucleus, and nucleoli appear
88
Malignant
Cancerous
89
Benign
Not cancerous
90
Active transport
Diffusion backwards
91
Cancer
When cells uncontrollably divide
92
How does cytokinesis in plants differ from cytokinesis in animals?
Plants: a cell plate forms
Animals: the cell gets pinched together
Think: plant-plate
93
Cyclins indicate
Need for cell division
94
End result of cytokinesis?
Two separate daughter cells
95
Difference between internal and external regulators of cell cycle?
Internal: check if the cell can divide
External: respond to growth factors and cell to cell interactions(how much room they have)
96
Metastasis
When cancer cells break loose and spread causing more damage
97
Most common defect in cancerous cells?
P53
98
Most common types of cancer in females and males:
Females: breast
Males: prostate
99
Robert book came up with
"Cell"
100
Cell differentiation
A less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type. .
