Chapter 7 Flashcards
1
Q
Longest known bacterium
A
Epulopiscium
2
Q
Calcifying nanoparticles
A
Nanobacteria
3
Q
Shapes of a prokaryotic cell
A
Cocci Bacilli vibrios spirilla spirochaetes
4
Q
What is an example of fruiting bacteria?
A
Myxobacter
5
Q
What is an example of a stalked bacteria?
A
Caulobacter
6
Q
What is an example of a budding bacteria?
A
Hyphomicrobium
7
Q
What are examples of filamentous bacteria?
A
- cyanobacteria
- actinomycetes
8
Q
What is an example of a wall-less pleomorphic prokaryote?
A
Mycoplasma
9
Q
What is an example of an pleomorphic prokaryote?
A
Rhizobium
10
Q
Example of a fusiform/ spindle-shaped and filamentous prokaryote
A
Fusobacterium
11
Q
Arrangement of prokaryotic cells
A
1 plane
- Diplococcus - 2 cells
- Streptococcus - variable number of cells in a chain
2 planes
- Tetrad - 4 cells
- Sarcina - packet of 8-64 cells
Several planes
-Staphylococcus and Micrococcus - irregular clusters
12
Q
Carbon source and energy source of
- Photoautotrophs,
- Photoheterotrophs,
- Chemoautotrophs,
- Chemoheterotrophs
A
- CO2 , Sunlight
- organic materials , sunlight
- CO2 , organic materials
- organic materials , organic materials
13
Q
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria
A
Rhizobium
14
Q
Plant pathogen
A
Agrobacterium
15
Q
A gelatinous polymer (network of polysaccharides) extending from the surface of bacteria to other cells
A
Glycocalyx
16
Q
Importance of glycocalyx.
A
Protection against
- ion and pH changes and osmotic stress
- certain enzymes
- predacious bacteria and phagocytes
Enhances virulence of pathogenic bacteria
17
Q
TYPES of glycocalyx
A
Capsule
Slime layer
S layer
18
Q
Well-organized and not easily washed off
A
Capsule
19
Q
Unorganized, diffused and easily removed
A
Slime layer
20
Q
Bacteria in dental plaque
A
Biofilm
21
Q
Proteins or glycoproteins that are regularly structured
A
S layer
22
Q
Difference of gram negative and gram positive archaea and bacteria
A
In gram positive, may peptidoglycan after S layer
23
Q
Thread like locomotor appendages
A
Flagella
24
Q
3 parts of flagella and describe
A
Filament - longest portion
Hook - short curved segment which links filament to the basal body
Basal body - embedded in the cell
25
Pattern of arrangement of flagella
Monotrichous - 1 flagellum(polar)
Amphitrichous - 1 flagellum at each pole
Lophotrichous - cluster of flagella at one or both ends
Petritrichous - flagella spread all over the whole bacteria
26
Short, fine hair like appendages in many gram-bacteria; 1000/cell; aids in attachment
Fimbriae
27
1-10 per cell; required for bacterial mating
Pili
28
Gives bacteria shape and rigidity; contributes to the pathogenicity of pathogenic bacteria; protects bacteria from harmful substances; site of action of some antibiotics
Cell wall
29
4 divisions of prokaryotes
Gracilicutes
Firmicutes
Tenericutes
Mendosicutes
30
Thin cell walls, gram-negative type cell wall
Gracilicutes
31
Division of class Cyanobacteria and non-PStic bacteria and anaerobic PStic bacteria
Gracilicutes
32
Thick and strong skin, gram-positive type cell wall
Firmicutes
33
Division of class Rods and cocci, Actinomycetes and related organisms
Firmicutes
34
Pliable and soft natured cell wall, indicating the lack of a rigid cell wall.
Tenericutes
35
Division of class Mycoplasmas
Tenericutes
36
With unusual cell wall (lack conventional peptidoglycan)
Mendosicutes
37
Division of class Archaea
Mendosicutes
38
A polymer of disaccharides linked by polypeptides
Peptidoglycan or murein or mucopeptide
39
Carbohydrate backbone of peptidoglycan of bacterial cell wall
N-acetylglucosamine(NAG)
| N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)
40
Gram positive bacterial cell wall:
Thick PG
With TA
Without OM
Gram negative bacterial cell wall:
Thin PG
Without TA
With OM
--
41
Components of outer membrane in cell wall of bacteria
Lipopolysaccharides
Lipoproteins
Phospholipids
42
Short polysaccharide extending outward from the core. Acts as antigen; distinguishes between species by serological methods
O side chain or O antigen
43
3 components of lipopolysaccharide
O side chain
Core polysaccharide
Lipid A
44
Lipid component found buried within the outer membrane
Lipid A
45
Lipid component composed of sugars
Core polysaccharide
46
Importance of lipopolysaccharides
- imparts a strong negative charge
- Stabilization of membrane structure
- acts as endotoxin due to lipid A (causes fever and shock)
- protective barrier (prevents entry of bile salts, antibiotics and other toxic substances
47
Lack cell walls; sterols in plasma membrane; macrolides
Mycoplasmas
48
Atypical cell wall
Cell wall of archaea
49
Cell wall lacking muramic acid and D-amino acids; resistant to lysozyme and B-lactam antibiotics
Cell wall of archaea
50
Cell wall stain with a single thick homogenous layer
Gram positive archaea cell wall
51
Cell wall stain which lacks the outer membrane and complex peptidoglycan network with a surface layer of protein or glycoprotein subunits
Gram negative archaea cell wall
52
Some gram positive archaea cell walls have:
Pseudomurein, complex polysaccharides, and heteropolysaccharides
53
Polymer that has L-amino acids, N-acetyltalosaminuric acid instead of NAM, B-1,3 glycosidic bonds
Pseudomurein
54
Component of archaea cell wall which is highly organized, asymmetric, flexible and dynamic; contains lipids and proteins
Cell membrane or plasma membrane
55
Membrane proteins loosely associated with the membrane and easily removed
Peripheral proteins
56
Membrane proteins embedded within the membrane and not easily removed.
Integral proteins
57
Functions of cell membrane:
- separation of cell from environment
- selectively permeable barrier
- site of crucial metabolic processes
- detection of chemicals in surroundings with aid of special receptor molecules in the membrane
58
Invaginations of the plasma membrane
Mesosomes
59
Mesosomes are more prominent in: (gram stain)
Gram positive
60
Mesosome may be involved in:
Cell wall formation
Chromosome replication and distribution to daughter cells
Secretory processes
61
What links straight chain fatty acids, membrane lipids?
Ester-linked
62
Sterol-like molecules which stabilize the bacterial membrane.
Hopanoids
63
What links membrane lipids of cell membrane of archaea, which are branched chains of hydrocarbons attached to glycerol?
Ether-linked
64
Lacks unit membrane-bound organelles; largely water
Cytoplasmic matrix
65
Granules of organic or inorganic materials
Inclusion bodies
66
Organic materials in prokaryotes
```
Glycogen/ starch granules
Poly-B-hydroxybutyrate
Cyanophycin
Carboxysomes
BT crystal protein
Gas vacuoles
```
67
Inorganic materials in prokaryotes
Magnetosomes
Volutin
Sulfur granules
68
Inclusion body which is the stored carbon or energy source
Glycogen/starch
69
Inclusion body with lipid-like, stored carbon or energy source
Poly-B-hydroxybutyric acid (PHB)
70
Inclusion body; stored nitrogen source and polymer of amino acids
Cyanophycin
71
Inclusion body; contains enzymes involved in carbon fixation
Carboxysomes
72
Impermeable to water but permeable to gases; provides buoyancy for aquatic bacteria
Gas vacuoles (Microcystis)
73
Inclusion body; not a storage product, allows orientation for navigation towards nutrients, favorable environment
Magnetosomes (magnetite)
74
Inclusion body; metachromatic granules, polyphosphate reservoir
Volutin
75
Inclusion body; energy and electron source
Sulfur granules
76
Synthesis of proteins that will remain in the cell
Matrix ribosomes
77
Synthesis of proteins for transport outside of cell
Plasma membrane ribosomes
78
Nuclear or chromatin body, nuclear region; in contact with mesosome or plasma membrane; made up of 60%DNA, some RNA and protein
Nucleoid
79
Circular dsDNA that can exist and replicate independently of the chromosome or may be integrated with it.
Plasmid
80
Advantages of genes in plasmid
Drug resistance
Pathogenicity
New metabolic activities
81
Dormant structure in gram positive bacteria; resistant to heat, UV, chemicals, disinfectants and desiccation
Endospore
82
Parts of bacterial endospore (from outer to inner)
```
Exosporium
Spore coat
Cortex
Core wall
Core
```
83
Stages of bacterial sporulation
Stage 1 - asymmetric cell division
Stage 2 - formation of septum
Stage 3 - mother cell engulfs prespore/forespore
Stage 4 - cortex formation
Stage 5 - spore coat formation
Stage 6 - maturation, cell lysis, disintegration of mother cell
84
Stages of the transformation of endospore to vegetative cell
Activation
Germination
Outgrowth
85
Location of endospores
Central
Terminal
Subterminal
Swollen terminal (distended)
