Chapter 7

Question 1

The roots of sociability

Answer 1

Experiencing Emotions, Social Referencing, Self Awareness, Theory of Mind, Attachment

Question 2

Emotions in infancy

Answer 2

Wide Range, all moms 1-month express joy or interest, less for other emotions ,

Question 3

The evolution of smiling

Answer 3

earily little meaning, 6-9 weeks smile at pleasing stimuli, social smile

Question 4

Social smile

Answer 4

smiling in response to other individuals rather than non human stimuli, 18 m social smiling becomes for frequesnt

Question 5

Stranger anxiety

Answer 5

The caution and wariness by infants when encountering an unfamiliar person , occurs at the end of the first year because by 6-9 m infants are trying to predict and anticipate… implies the development of memory

Question 6

Variations in stranger anxiety

Answer 6

less to females, react better to stranger children, purpose maybe survival

Question 7

Separation Anxiety

Answer 7

the distress displayed by infants when a customary care provider departs, universal around cultures, begins around 7 months and peaks at 14 months, due to greater cognitive awareness and asking more questions

Question 8

Are stranger anxiety and separation anxiety important to social progress?

Answer 8

yes

Question 9

Decoding others facial and vocal expressions

Answer 9

4 m infants may already have begun to understand, show distress when mothers pose bland unresponsive facial expressions

Question 10

Social referencing

Answer 10

the intentional search for information about others feelings to help explain the meaning of uncertain circumstances and events, occurs at 8-9m, unusual toy experiment

Question 11

Two explanations for social referencing

Answer 11

1. observing someone elses facial expressions may evoke the same emotions in infants
2. observation may provide information abnd infant uses it to guide behavior
   both supported, happens when situation breeds uncertainty

Question 12

Self-Awareness

Answer 12

knowledge of ones self, 17-24 months, around the same time children begin to show awareness of their own capabilities

Question 13

Theory of mind

Answer 13

knowledge and beliefs about how the mind works and how it affects behavior

Question 14

Empathy

Answer 14

begin to use deception around 2 yr, basic signs of empathy at 24 months, defined as emotional response that corresponds to the feelings of another person

Question 15

Forming Relationships

Answer 15

newborns bring changes to family dynamics, the process of social development is not simple or automatic but crucial, the bond that grows between infants and their parents and family provide the foundation for a lifetimes worth of social relationships.

Question 16

Freud theory of attachment

Answer 16

stems from mothers ability to satisfy a childs oral needs

Question 17

To understand attachment earlirer researchers studied parent child relationships in ….?

Answer 17

animals

Question 18

Who suggested that attachment was based on biological factors?

Answer 18

Lorenz

Question 19

Harry Harlow found what

Answer 19

food alone was not a basis for attachment, monkey spend most of their time with the cloth monkey mom

Question 20

Human attachment

Answer 20

John Bowlby believes that attachment is primarily based on infants need for safety and security, infants learn who keeps them safe and form a bond that is different than bonds with others

Question 21

Attachment

Answer 21

most important aspect of social development, defined as the positive emotional bond that develops between a child and an individual, feel pleasure when with them and comforted by them when in distress, affects the rest of our lives

Question 22

Measuring attachment

Answer 22

Ainsworth strange situation : a sequence of staged episodes that illustrate the strength of attachment between a child and usually her mother

Question 23

Steps in “Strange Situation”

Answer 23

1. mother and baby enter unfamiliar room
2. mother sits down, leaving baby free to explore
3. adult stranger enters converses with mom first then baby
   4 mother exists the room, leaving baby with stranger
4. mother returns greeting and comforting the baby. stranger leaves.

Question 24

Securely attached pattern

Answer 24

uses mother as home base, at ease when she is present, explores independently and returns to her occasionally, when she leaves they become upset, goes to her as soon as she returns and is comforted

66% of 1-year-old infants

Question 25

Avoidant attached pattern

Answer 25

does not want to be near mom when present, seems to avoid her when she returns as if angry 20% 1-year-old infants

Question 26

Ambivalent Attachment

Answer 26

first very close to mom and barely explore, when she leaves greatly distressed when she returns want to be close but also angry with her 10-15% 1-year-old infants

Question 27

Disorganized-Disoriented

Answer 27

children show inconsistent and confused behavior, may seem initially calm and then suddenly cry and angry, their confusion suggests that they may be least secure 5-10% 1-year-olds

Question 28

Long-term effects of attachment

Answer 28

secure attachment means more socially and emotionally competent romantic relationships are later associated internal working models of self and others effected

Question 29

Adult internal working model

Answer 29

Secure ++ Fearful -- Dismissing +- Preocupied-+

Question 30

Parents and attachment

Answer 30

need to be sensitive to infants needs, be warm affectionate and responsive during face to face interactions, provide feeding on demand, overly responsive mothers are just as likely to have insecurely attached children as under responsive mothers

Question 31

Interactional synchrony

Answer 31

response to infants is appropriate and both caregiver and child match emotional states, mothers typically respond to infant based on their own attachment styles resulting in substantial similarity in attachment patterns in generations moms reaction based on infants ability to provide effective cues

Question 32

Father attachment

Answer 32

infants can form attachments to both parents, the nature of attachment is not always identical

Question 33

Temperament

Answer 33

the constellation of inborn traits that determine the childs unique behavioral style and the way he or she experiences and reacts to the world

Question 34

New York Longitudinal Study

Answer 34

began in 1956 and collected longitudinal data from over 100 children and came up with a series of attributes they called individual differences in childhood

Question 35

Ability

Answer 35

what children can do

Question 36

motivation

Answer 36

the reason why they do things

Question 37

temperament is the ______ in which children behave

Answer 37

style

Question 38

9 dimensions of temperament

Answer 38

1. sensory threshold 2. intensity 3. activity level 4. adaptability 5. approach v withdrawal 6. distractability 7. persistence 8. rhythmicity 9. mood

Question 39

Temperament types

Answer 39

easy difficult slow to warm

Question 40

easy babies

Answer 40

positive disposition or mood curious about new situations emotions are moderate to low in intensity

Question 41

difficult babies

Answer 41

more negative emotions slow to adapt to new situations tend to withdraw

Question 42

slow to warm babies

Answer 42

``` inactive relatively calm reactions to their environment moods generally negative withdraw from new situations adapt slowly ```

Question 43

Erickson's psychosocial

Answer 43

personality is shaped primarily by infants experiences Stage 1: trust v mistrust Stage 2: Autonomy v Shame and Doubt

Question 44

Behavioral Genetic Perspective

Answer 44

from birth on infants begin to show unique stable traits and behaviors that lead to their development as unique distinct individuals temperamental traits are inherited and fairly stable throughout the entire lifespan physiological reactions to new stimulus

Question 45

Why temperament matters

Answer 45

all children have 9 temperament traits ranging from high to low no single type of temperament seems to be good or bad how traits work together determines unique behavior styles

Question 46

Behavior is..

Answer 46

temperament induced | learned

Question 47

temperament triggers

Answer 47

tantrums

Question 48

high sensitivity tantrum triggers

Answer 48

over-stimulating environments being overwhelmed physical discomfort

Question 49

high activity tantrum triggers

Answer 49

confinement | pent-up energy

Question 50

high regularity tantrum triggers

Answer 50

hunger | fatigue

Question 51

slow adaptability tantrum triggers

Answer 51

intrusion transitions unexpected changes

Question 52

withdraw tantrum triggers

Answer 52

new situations new child care provider unexpected changes

Question 53

low persistence tantrum triggers

Answer 53

frustration | delays

Question 54

high persistance tantrum triggers

Answer 54

limits | being told "no"

Question 55

goodness-of-fit

Answer 55

a child's long-term adjustment depends on this and the relationship between their temperament and their environment in which they are raised

Question 56

parent reactions to behavior

Answer 56

anger = more behavior problems | warmth and consistency = children who avoid later problems