Chapter 7 Flashcards
(24 cards)
Encoding
The process of acquiring information and transferring it into memory
Maintenance Rehearsal
Involves repetition without consideration of meaning or making connections to other information
Elaborative Rehearsal
Involves thinking about the meaning of an item to be remembered or making connections to other information
Levels of Processing (Craik & Lockhart, 1972)
Memory depends on how information is encoded, better memory is achieved with deep processing than shallow.
Deep Processing
Attention to meaning and relating an item to something else (grouped with elaborative rehearsal)
Shallow Processing
Processing that involves repetition with little meaning. (grouped with maintenance rehearsal)
Self-Reference Effect (Rogers, et al., 1979)
Memory for a word is improved by relating the word to itself
Generation Effect (Slameka & Graf, 1978)
Memory material is better when person generates material themselves rather than passively receiving it
Organizing Information (Bower et al., 1969)
Presented participants with hierarchical tree
Testing Effect (Roediger & Karpicke, 2006)
Enhanced performance on a memory test caused by being tested on the material to be remembered
Spacing Effect
The advantage in performance caused by short study sessions separated by breaks from studying
Highlighting (Peterson, 1992)
82% of students highlight. Not beneficial, because person may highlight and study the wrong information
Familiarity Effect
The interpretation of a sense of familiarity of information as the understanding of that information
Recognition Memory
The feeling that you have seen a stimulus before once presented to you
Recall Memory
The ability to remember information either independently or from a cue
Emotional Memory
When people and events remain with you
Enhanced vs. neutral (Dolcos, et al. 2005)
- Tested subjects’ ability to recognize emotional and neutral pictures after a 1 year delay and observed better memory for the emotional pictures.
- The amygdala activity was higher for the emotional words
Amygdala
Center for emotions
Consolidation
Transforming memories from a fragile to a more permanent state
Long Term Potentiation
The increased firing that occurs in a neuron due to prior activity at the synapse
(Hebb, 1948)
Learning and Memory are represented in the brain by physiological changes that take place at the synapse
Standard Model
Proposes that incoming information activates a number of areas in the cortex
Multiple Trace Model
The hippocampus is involved in retrieval of episodic memories, even if they originated long ago
Reactivation
Process that occurs during memory consolidation, in which the hippocampus replays the neural activity associated with a memory
