Chapter 7

Question 1

learning

Answer 1

A relatively permanent change in behaviour (or behavioural potential) due to experience.

Question 2

behaviourism

Answer 2

An approach to psychology that emphasizes the study of observable behaviour and the role of the environment and prior experience as determinants of behaviour.

Question 3

Conditioning

Answer 3

A basic kind of learning that involves associations among environmental stimuli and an organism’s behaviour.

Question 4

unconditioned stimulus(US)

Answer 4

The classical-conditioning term for a stimulus that already elicits a certain response without additional learning.

Question 5

unconditioned response(UR)

Answer 5

The classical-conditioning term for a response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 6

conditioned stimulus(CS)

Answer 6

A classical-conditioning term for an initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response after being associated with an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 7

conditioned response(CR)

Answer 7

The classical-conditioning term for a response that is elicited by a conditioned stimulus; it occurs after the conditioned stimulus is associated with an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 8

classical conditioning

Answer 8

The process by which a previously neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus that already elicits a response and, in turn, acquires the capacity to elicit a similar or related response. Also called Pavlovian or respondent conditioning.

Question 9

extinction

Answer 9

The weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned response; in classical conditioning, it occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 10

spontaneous recovery

Answer 10

The reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction.

Question 11

higher-order conditioning

Answer 11

In classical conditioning, a procedure in which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through association with an already established conditioned stimulus.

Question 12

stimulus generalization

Answer 12

After conditioning, the tendency to respond to a stimulus that resembles on involved in the original conditioning; in classical conditioning, it occurs when a stimulus that resembles the CS elicits the CR.

Question 13

stimulus discrimination

Answer 13

The tendency to respond differently to two or more similar stimuli; in classical conditioning, it occurs when a stimulus similar to the CS fails to evoke the CR.

Question 14

counterconditioning

Answer 14

In classical conditioning, the process of pairing a conditioned stimulus with a stimulus that elicits a response that is incompatible with an unwanted conditioned response.

Question 15

operant conditioning

Answer 15

The process by which a response becomes more likely to occur or less so, depending on its consequences.

Question 16

reinforcement

Answer 16

The process by which a stimulus or event strengthens or increases the probability of the response that it follows.

Question 17

punishment

Answer 17

The process by which a stimulus or event weakens or reduces the probability of the response that it follows.

Question 18

primary reinforcer

Answer 18

A stimulus that is inherently reinforcing, typically satisfying a physiological need; an example is food.

Question 19

primary punisher

Answer 19

A stimulus that is inherently punishing; an example is electric shock.

Question 20

secondary reinforcer

Answer 20

A stimulus that has acquired reinforcing properties through association with other reinforcers.

Question 21

secondary punisher

Answer 21

A stimulus that has acquired punishing properties through association with other punishers.

Question 22

positive reinforcement

Answer 22

A reinforcement procedure in which a response is followed by the presentation of, or increase in intensity of, a reinforcing stimulus; as a result, the response becomes stronger or more likely to occur.

Question 23

negative reinforcement

Answer 23

A reinforcement procedure in which a response is followed by the removal, delay, or decrease in the intensity of an unpleasant stimulus; as a result, the response becomes stronger or more likely to occur.

Question 24

extinction

Answer 24

the weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned response; in operant conditioning, it occurs when a response is no longer followed by a reinforcer.

Question 25

stimulus generalization

Answer 25

In operant conditioning, the tendency for a response that has been reinforced (or punished) in the presence of one stimulus to occur(or be suppressed) in the presence of other similar stimuli.

Question 26

Stimulus discrimination

Answer 26

In operant conditioning, the tendency of a response to occur in the presence of one stimulus but not in the presence of other similar stimuli that differ from it on some dimension.

Question 27

List 4 important features of classical conditioning

Answer 27

1- unconditioned stimulus- a stimulus that elicits a response without any extra teaching 2-unconditioned response-a response that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus 3-conditioned stimulus- a previously neutral stimulus that is associated with an unconditioned stimulus to produce a similar or related response 4-conditioned response- a response that is elicited by the conditioned stimulus after the CS has been associated with the US

Question 28

Summarize what is actually learned in classical conditioning

Answer 28

The conditioned stimulus comes to predict the arrival of biologically important event such as food. The stimulus needs to reliably indicate the impending arrival of the unconditioned stimulus

Question 29

Describe why advertisers often include pleasant information or music in ads for their products.

Answer 29

The pleasant music or information is an conditioned stimulus to an conditioned response of feeling good. It probably has good memories associated with it. They are trying to associate the conditioned response of feeling good with their products. Higher order conditioning.