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SOAN2120 Capstone Test > Chapter 7 & 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 & 8 Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

What is a sample?

A

A smaller set of cases a researcher selects from a larger pool and generalises to the population

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2
Q

Why do people use random sampling?

A

To save time and money

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3
Q

Define census.

A

An attempt to count everyone in the population

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4
Q

What is nonprobability sampling?

A

A type of sampling in which the sampling elements are selected using something other than a mathematically random process

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5
Q

What does haphazard sampling entail?

A

Getting any cases in any manner that is convenient

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6
Q

What is quota sampling?

A

Getting a preset number of cases in each of several predetermined categories that will reflect the diversity of the population, using haphazard methods

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7
Q

Explain purposive sampling.

A

Getting all possible cases that fit particular criteria, using various methods

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8
Q

What is snowball sampling?

A

Getting all cases using referrals from one or a few cases, then referrals from those cases, and so forth

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9
Q

Define sociogram.

A

A diagram that shows the network of social relationships among a group of people

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10
Q

What is sequential sampling?

A

Getting cases until there is no additional information or new characteristics

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11
Q

What is deviant sampling?

A

When a researcher purposefully selects unusual or nonconforming cases to gain insight into social processes

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12
Q

Define theoretical sampling.

A

When the sample size is determined when the data reaches theoretical saturation

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13
Q

What is theoretical saturation?

A

The point at which no new themes emerge from the data at which sampling is considered complete

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14
Q

What is probability sampling?

A

Sampling strategies that give every subject in the population the same likelihood of being selected

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15
Q

What is a sampling element?

A

The name for a case or single unit to be selected

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16
Q

Define target population.

A

The large general group of many cases from which a sample is drawn

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17
Q

What is sampling ratio?

A

The number of cases in the sample divided by the number of cases in the population or the sampling frame

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18
Q

What is a sampling frame?

A

A list of cases in a population

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19
Q

What is a parameter in sampling?

A

A characteristic of the entire population that is estimated from a sample

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20
Q

What is a statistic?

A

A numerical estimate of a population parameter computed from a sample

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21
Q

What is sampling error?

A

How much a sample deviates from being representative of the population

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22
Q

Define margin of error.

A

An estimate about the amount of sampling error that exists in a survey result

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23
Q

What is simple random sampling?

A

A type of random sample in which a researcher creates a sampling frame and uses a pure random process to select cases

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24
Q

What is sampling distribution?

A

A distribution created by drawing random samples from the same population

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25
What does the central limit theorem state?
Whenever many samples are drawn from a population and plotted, a normal distribution is formed
26
Define confidence interval.
A range of values within which a researcher has a specified and high degree of confidence that the population parameter lies
27
What is systematic sampling?
A type of sample in which a researcher selects every kth case in the sampling frame
28
What is stratified sampling?
A type of random sample in which the researcher first identifies a set of mutually exclusive and exhaustive categories
29
Define cluster sampling.
A type of random sample that uses multiple stages and is often used to cover wide geographic areas
30
What is probability proportionate to size (PPS)?
An adjustment made in cluster sampling when each cluster does not have the same number of sampling elements
31
What is random-digit dialing?
A method of randomly selecting cases for telephone interviews using all possible telephone numbers as a sampling frame
32
What are hidden populations?
People who engage in deviant or concealed activities and who are difficult to locate and study
33
What factors influence sample size decisions?
* Degree of accuracy required * Degree of variability or diversity * Number of different variables examined simultaneously
34
Define inferential statistics.
A branch of applied mathematics based on a random sample that lets researchers make precise statements about the level of confidence in the results
35
What is survey research?
A quantitative social research technique in which one systematically asks many people the same questions
36
List types of survey questions.
* Behaviour * Attitudes/beliefs/opinions * Characteristics * Expectations * Self-classification * Knowledge
37
What is an interview schedule?
The name of a survey research questionnaire in person or over the phone
38
What are effective survey questions?
Clear, simple, and keep the respondents perspective in mind
39
What should be avoided in survey questions?
* Slang and abbreviations * Ambiguity, confusion, and vagueness * Emotional language * Prestige bias * Double-barrelled questions * Leading questions * Questions beyond respondents capabilities * False premises * Double negatives * Overlapping or unbalanced response categories
40
Define social desirability bias.
A bias in survey research in which respondents give a normative response rather than a truthful answer
41
What is a contingency question?
A question with two or more parts in survey research, where the answer to the first question determines which subsequent questions a respondent receives
42
What are open-ended questions?
Questions in which respondents are free to offer any answer they wish
43
List advantages of open-ended questions.
* Unlimited possible answers * Detailed responses * Adequate answers to complex issues * Creativity and self-expression * Reveals logic and thinking process
44
List disadvantages of open-ended questions.
* Different degrees of detail in answers * Responses may be irrelevant * Difficult to code responses * Too general for some respondents * Intimidating for respondents
45
What are closed-ended questions?
Questions in which respondents must choose from a fixed set of answers
46
List advantages of closed-ended questions.
* Easier to compare answers * Easier to code * Easier to replicate * Quicker for respondents to answer
47
List disadvantages of closed-ended questions.
* Respondents can answer without opinion * Frustration if desired answer is not a choice * Simplistic responses to complex issues * Forced choices not made in real life
48
Define respondent fatigue.
The tendency for respondents to lose interest if participation takes too long or requires too much effort
49
What is a partially open question?
A question in which respondents are given a fixed set of answers but an 'other' category is provided
50
What is a standard-format question?
A type of survey question in which the answer categories fail to include 'no opinion' or 'don’t know'
51
What is a quasi-filter question?
A type of survey question that includes the answer choice 'no opinion' or 'don’t know'
52
What is a full-filter question?
A type of survey question in which respondents are first asked whether they have an opinion or knowledge on a topic
53
Define floaters.
Respondents who lack a belief or opinion but give an answer anyway
54
What is response set bias?
An effect in survey research when respondents tend to agree (or disagree) with every question in a series
55
What is the wording effect?
An effect that occurs when specific wording in a survey question affects how respondents answer
56
What is the order effect?
An effect in survey research where earlier questions affect answers to later questions
57
What is the funnel sequence?
A way to order survey questions from general to specific
58
What are matrix questions?
A type of survey research where a set of questions is listed compactly, sharing the same set of answer categories
59
List advantages of mail and self-administered questionnaires.
* Cheapest * Can be conducted by a single researcher * Can easily send questionnaires to a wide area
60
List disadvantages of mail and self-administered questionnaires.
* Low response rate * Cannot control conditions of completion * Cannot observe physical responses
61
What are advantages of online surveys?
* Very fast * Inexpensive * Allow for flexible design * Can use images or videos
62
What are disadvantages of online surveys?
* Unequal internet usage * Self-selection can distort results * Difficult to protect respondent privacy
63
List advantages of telephone interviews.
* 95% of the population can be reached * Big sample size
64
List disadvantages of telephone interviews.
* Higher cost * Limited interview length * Cannot reach respondents without telephones
65
List advantages of face-to-face interviews.
* Highest response rate * Allow for longer questionnaires * Can observe nonverbal communication
66
List disadvantages of face-to-face interviews.
* Higher cost * Interviewer bias
67
What are the stages of an interview?
* Introduction and entry * Asking questions and recording answers * The exit
68
What is computer-assisted telephone interviewing (CATI)?
Survey research where the interviewer uses a computer to read questions and enters responses directly
69
What is computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI)?
Same as CATI, but used in person
70
What are ethical issues with surveys?
* Invasion of privacy * Voluntary participation * Exploitation of surveys and pseudosurveys
71
Define pseudosurvey.
When someone with little interest in learning information uses the survey format to persuade someone

SOAN2120 Capstone Test (2 decks)

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