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Molecules Of Life > Chapter 7, 8, & 36 > Flashcards

Chapter 7, 8, & 36 Flashcards

(82 cards)

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0
Q

Heterotroph

A

Organism that obtains food by eating other organisms

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1
Q

Autotroph

A

Organism that makes it’s own food.

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2
Q

Chemical energy

A

Potential to perform work due to the arrangement of atoms within molecules

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3
Q

Calorie

A

Amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius

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4
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine tri phosphate

Main energy source that cells use for most of their work

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5
Q

How does ATP form?

A

A phosphate is added to ADP

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6
Q

Types of cellular work

A

Chemical work
Transport work
Mechanical work

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7
Q

Chemical work

A

Building large molecules

ATP fuels dehydration synthesis which strings together amino acids

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8
Q

Mechanical work

A

Contraction of a muscle

ATP transfers phosphate groups to proteins

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9
Q

Transport work

A

Pumping solutes (ions) across the cellular membrane

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10
Q

Aerobic

A

Requiring oxygen

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11
Q

Anaerobic

A

Without oxygen

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12
Q

Equation for cellular reputation

A

C6 H12 O6 + O2 = CO2 + H2 O + ATP

Glucose+ oxygen= carbon dioxide+ water+ 38 ATP

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13
Q

Metabolism

A

All the cell’s chemical processes

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14
Q

Structure of mitochondria

A
  • Two membranes (inner and outer)
  • inner is folded for an increased surface
  • increased surface allows for more sites where reactions can occur
  • more reactions= more ATP
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15
Q

What are the three stages of cellular respiration?

A

1) glycolysis
2) Krebs cycle
3) electron transport chain/ ATP synthase

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16
Q

What does glycolysis do?

A
  • breaks down glucose

- makes pyruvic acid

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17
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

The cytoplasm (outside the mitochondria)

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18
Q

How Waco many ATP are made with glycolysis?

A

2

2 used, 4 created

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19
Q

What are the reactants and products of glycolysis?

A

Reactant- glucose

Product- ATP (2)

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20
Q

How many ATP are created with the Krebs Cycle?

A

2 ATP

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21
Q

Where does the Krebs Cycle take place?

A

In the mitochondria

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22
Q

What are the reactants and products of the Krebs Cycle?

A

Reactants- broken down glucose from glycolysis

Product- carbon dioxide and ATP (2)

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23
Q

How many ATP does the electron transport chain make?

A

About 34

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24
Where does the electron transport chain take place?
Inner membrane (folds of the mitochondria)
25
What are the reactants and products of the electron transport chain?
Reactants- oxygen | Products- water and ATP (34)
26
What is ATP synthase in cellular respiration?
Connects ADP with a phosphate to create ATP
27
How many ATP are made in total for one glucose molecule?
Around 38 ATP
28
What is fermentation?
The making of ATP without oxygen
29
What is kinetic energy?
The energy of motion
30
Potential energy
Energy that is stores based on an object's position or arrangement
31
Thermal energy
Total amount of energy associated with random molecular motion (can't be used again)
32
What are the two types of fermentation?
Lactic and alcoholic fermentation
33
What is lactic fermentation used for?
Used for short bursts of activity (for when you can't create oxygen fast enough)
34
What are the waste products of fermentation?
Lactic acid and alcohol
35
What does lactic acid fermentation lead to?
Fermentation leads to a build up of lactic acid (feel fatigue)
36
What is alcoholic fermentation?
Where microorganisms ( like yeast) are left in anaerobic environments, and ferment sugar and other foods. Making alcohol and carbon dioxide.
37
What are chloroplasts?
Organelles where photosynthesis occurs
38
What is chlorophyll?
Chemical compound that gives chloroplast their green color
39
What is the stroma?
Part of leaves where oxygen and carbon dioxide enter and exit (inner membrane of chloroplast)
40
What are thylakoids?
Disk shaped sacs that are arranged in stacks called granum
41
What is the equation for photosynthesis?
Carbon
42
What are the two stages of photosynthesis?
1) light reactions | 2) Calvin cycle
43
Where are light reactions?
Thylakoid membrane (in chloroplast)
44
What are the reactants and products of light reactions?
Reactants- light energy + water | Products- oxygen
45
What happens during light reactions?
Sunlight energy is converted to chemical energy
46
What are the steps in light reactions?
1) chlorophyll captures light energy 2) chloroplasts use light energy to break down water 3) oxygen is released 4) hydrogen is sent to the Calvin cycle as ATP
47
Where is the Calvin cycle?
The stroma in the chloroplast
48
What are the reactants and products of the Calvin cycle?
Reactants- carbon dioxide | Products- glucose
49
In the Calvin cycle, what is made into glucose?
Carbon dioxide ATP NADPH
50
Is the Calvin cycle light independent or light dependent?
Light independent reaction
51
What is a wavelength?
Length between each wave of electromagnetic energy ( determines different types of energy)
52
Electromagnetic spectrum
Range of different types of electromagnetic energy
53
How do wavelengths relate to energy?
Shorter wavelengths are more damaging to organic molecules
54
Pigments
Compound that gives objects their color
55
How are colors shown?
The objects absorb all colors of light but the one it reflects
56
What are the types of pigment in plants?
Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b Carotenoids
57
Chlorophyll a
Absorbs blue- violet and red | Reflects green
58
Chlorophyll b
Absorbs blue and orange | Reflects yellow- green
59
Carotenoids
Absorb blue- green | Reflect yellow- orange
60
How does carbon enter and exit our atmosphere?
Enters by cellular respiration | Exits by photosynthesis
61
Greenhouse effect
Ability of greenhouse gases to keep earth warm (trap the heat)
62
Producers
Coverts light energy to chemical energy of organic compounds
63
Consumers
Obtain energy from producers or other consumers
64
Decomposers
Breaks down waste and dead organisms
65
How does energy flow through our ecosystem?
As living things use chemical energy, they release thermal energy as heat to surroundings
66
Food chain
Pathway of food transfer from one tropic level to another
67
Tropic level
Feeding level in the ecosystem
68
Herbivore
Eats only producers (horse)
69
Carnivore
Eats only consumers (lion)
70
Omnivore
Eats both producers and carnivores (humans)
71
Levels of a food chain
``` Producers Primary consumers Secondary consumers Tertiary consumers Quaternary consumers ```
72
Detritus
The waste and remains of dead organisms
73
Symbiotic relationship
A close interaction between species in which one if the species lives in or on the others
74
Parasitism
Parasite obtains food while hurts other organism (+/-)
75
Mutualism
Both organisms benefit (+/+)
76
Commensalism
One organism benefits while it doesn't effect the other (+/0)
77
Predation
an interaction in which one organism eats another
78
Predator
And animal that feeds on other living animals
79
Prey
The animal that predators eat
80
Energy budget for sun light?
1% goes to the producers for photosynthesis
81
10% rule
Only 10% of energy moves up from the next level of the food pyramids

Molecules Of Life (7 decks)

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