Chapter 7-8-9

Question 1

A perception is to _____ as a sensation is to _____.

Answer 1

the scene; the elements

Question 2

Visual perception occurs in the

Answer 2

brain

Question 3

Thea watched a flock of brightly colored parrots fly from one tree to another. Information
about their shape and color were combined into three-dimensional form perception in the
visual association cortex of the lower part of the __________ lobe.

Answer 3

Temporal

Question 4

If you are shown a model of a house, which of the streams of the visual association cortex
is involved in your perception of its form?

Answer 4

The ventral stream

Question 5

A neurological patient has normal visual acuity and visual defection. She can also read normally, but she is unable to recognize objects visually by their shape. Most likely she has damage in her

Answer 5

Visual association cortex of the temporal lobe.

Question 6

Because of damage to a visual association cortex, Henry has a problem recognizing all
kinds of objects. However, his visual acuity is normal and he can still perceive color,
movement, and fine details. Henry has a condition called

Answer 6

Visual agnosia

Question 7

“The whole is more than the sum of its parts” actually means

Answer 7

the meaning of a visual stimulus cannot be recognized by mere analysis of its
separate elements.

Question 8

To perceive stimuli that are positioned closest together as belonging together is the Gestalt
law of

Answer 8

proximity

Question 9

Most psychologists view the template model of pattern recognition as

Answer 9

unworkable because it would demand virtually infinite memory.

Question 10

A _________ is a hypothetical idealized pattern that resides in the nervous system and is
used flexibly to perceive patterns without requiring an exact match.

Answer 10

prototype

Question 11

Which of the following findings is NOT predicted by the distinctive features model of
visual pattern recognition?

Answer 11

More complex patterns take less time to recognize.

Question 12

Since the 1950s, theories in cognitive psychology have made the __________the primary
source of analogies.

Answer 12

computer

Question 13

Serial is to _________ as parallel is to _________.

Answer 13

consecutive; simultaneous

Question 14

The model of cognitive functioning that most directly reflects the way the brain seems to
be constructed is the __________ model.

Answer 14

neural network

Question 15

Vision for perception is to __________ as vision for action is to __________.

Answer 15

what; where

Question 16

In the case of Dee, her deficits were attributable to the loss of functions associated with the
__________ stream.

Answer 16

ventral

Question 17

When viewing nearby objects, the angle between the eyes is __________ when viewing
distant objects.

Answer 17

larger than

Question 18

Stereograms produce the perception of a 3-dimensional object because

Answer 18

each eye receives a slightly different image of the visual scene.

Question 19

The top of a convex item appears light-colored while the bottom appears darker. The item
appears to be illuminated from directly above. The cue to depth to be at work in this
context is called

Answer 19

shading

Question 20

Which cue in depth perception does not tell us much about the absolute distance to an
object but does tell us which parts of the object are closer or further away?

Answer 20

Shading

Question 21

The major advocate of the linguistic relativity hypothesis was

Answer 21

Roberson.

Question 22

The finding that all cultures agree on what categories of colors merit names, suggests that
__________ is what causes the selection of color names.

Answer 22

the physiology of the human visual system

Question 23

Size constancy over different distances depends on

Answer 23

the viewer’s knowledge of the actual size of the object.

Question 24

A person walking around in a room where you are sitting is sometimes seen from the
front, the back, or the side. Yet despite these quite different images, you perceive that
the person remains the same one. This is an example of the principles of

Answer 24

shape constancy.

Question 25

In which brain region does three-dimensional perception of object size, shape, orientation, and color take place?

Answer 25

Second level of visual association cortex in the lower temporal lobe

Question 26

A person with visual agnosia can no longer

Answer 26

recognize objects by sight.

Question 27

Which monocular cue in depth perception cannot be represented realistically in a drawing?

Answer 27

Motion parallax

Question 28

The linguistic relativity hypothesis states that language

Answer 28

not only expresses ideas and perceptions but shapes them as well.

Question 29

If you have no difficulty reading "naeurl rycclenig" as "neural recycling," you are processing the ____________ of the words.

Answer 29

"outer boundaries"

Question 30

Which part of the ventral stream is particularly sensitive to depictions of human body parts?

Answer 30

Extrastriate body area (EBA)

Question 31

The process by which sensory information is converted into a form that can be useful to the brain's memory system is called

Answer 31

encoding.

Question 32

When you were a child you probably learned a rhyme for remembering the alphabet. This was a technique that helped you with the _________ of this information, one of the basic cognitive processes of memory.

Answer 32

encoding

Question 33

The form of memory that has the shortest duration is called __________ memory.

Answer 33

sensory

Question 34

Which of the following is NOT a feature of sensory memory?

Answer 34

It receives its input from the first form of memory.

Question 35

When Sperling's subjects were asked to recall as many of the 9 letters as they could, how many did they typically recall?

Answer 35

4 or 5

Question 36

Echoic memory's longer duration means that it is useful in processing

Answer 36

spoken language

Question 37

If not rehearsed, information stays in short-term memory for less than _________ seconds.

Answer 37

20

Question 38

To prevent the participants in their experiment from rehearsing information, Peterson and Peterson

Answer 38

asked participants to count backwards from a given number.

Question 39

According to Conrad's research on phonological short-term memory, which kind of error would someone be LEAST likely to make?

Answer 39

Writing an F when seeing a T

Question 40

While writing an exam, you write the word "receive." Then you hesitate over the order of the vowels in that word. In order to clarify the situation you recall and recite in your head the rhyme "I before E except after C." Which aspect of phonological short-term memory does this illustrate?

Answer 40

Subvocal articulation

Question 41

Nairne's juggler metaphor of short-term memory makes the basic assumption that information

Answer 41

decays

Question 42

Each of the following is characteristic of long-term memory EXCEPT

Answer 42

a fixed chunk size.

Question 43

Salaam is studying a list of psychology terms by associating each of them to everyday experiences. In this way she is trying to make the terms as relevant as possible to her life. Her method of studying illustrates __________ rehearsal.

Answer 43

elaborative

Question 44

Craik and Tulving's research using sentences of different complexity suggested that complex sentences

Answer 44

produce more elaboration, which leads to better retention of the information that is presented.

Question 45

Which type of information processing is NOT considered effortful?

Answer 45

Automatic

Question 46

Automatic processing is to __________ as effortful processing is to __________.

Answer 46

remembering your name; remembering the capital of Zimbabwe

Question 47

Techniques or strategies that are specifically used to enhance memory are called

Answer 47

mnemonic systems.

Question 48

The key to the effectiveness of any mnemonic system is that it

Answer 48

makes use of information already stored in memory.

Question 49

Conceptual information is stored in __________ memory.

Answer 49

semantic

Question 50

Episodic memory is to _________ as semantic memory is to _________.

Answer 50

context; concept

Question 51

An accomplished cellist's memories of how to play a Bach sonata on the cello are

Answer 51

implicit.

Question 52

Implicit memory is to __________ memory as explicit memory is to __________ memory.

Answer 52

procedural; declarative

Question 53

The brain damage that leads to anterograde amnesia

Answer 53

interferes with the formation of new explicit memories.

Question 54

The hippocampus, located in the __________ lobe is important for the formation of new __________ memories.

Answer 54

temporal; explicit

Question 55

Contextual variables that aid recollection are termed

Answer 55

retrieval cues.

Question 56

Arlo has a big exam in psychology coming up next week. Based on what you know about retrieval cues, you correctly advise him to

Answer 56

study for the exam in the classroom in which he will take the exam.

Question 57

Pretrial investigations of eyewitness testimony may bias that testimony by encouraging witnesses to focus on

Answer 57

recalling as many details as possible.

Question 58

Information about any given episode can be more efficiently stored using

Answer 58

a few unique details.

Question 59

The failure to retrieve information we know we possess is the "memory sin" that Schacter refers to as

Answer 59

blocking.

Question 60

Sperling showed participants a set of 9 letters, and they could not recall more than 4 or 5 of them correctly because

Answer 60

the visual stimulus fades quickly from iconic memory.

Question 61

The only evidence that other people are conscious is

Answer 61

that they tell us they are.

Question 62

The ability to reach for objects accurately while remaining unaware of seeing them is called __________ and indicates that consciousness __________.

Answer 62

blindsight; is not a property of all parts of the brain

Question 63

Self-awareness appears to be the result of our

Answer 63

ability to communicate.

Question 64

Consciousness is each of the following EXCEPT

Answer 64

a general property of all parts of the brain.

Question 65

In Libet's studies of people's awareness of the intention to move their hands, he also measured electrical activity in the brain, prior to the movement. This electrical activity was termed the

Answer 65

readiness potential.

Question 66

In his study of people's estimates of when they first became aware of the intention to move their hands, Libet showed that

Answer 66

the readiness potential preceded the intention.

Question 67

Keiji is participating in a study on auditory perception in which he must repeat back the verbal information that is being channeled into one of his ears through a set of headphones. In this study, Keiji is __________ the message presented to this ear.

Answer 67

shadowing

Question 68

Elina is participating in a study on auditory perception in which she must repeat back the verbal information that is being channeled into one of her ears through a set of headphones. Occasionally, though, she hears something in the other ear. It is most likely to be her

Answer 68

name

Question 69

__________ is a reduced tendency to perceive a delayed target stimulus when the target's presentation is consistent with a nonpredictive cue.

Answer 69

Inhibition of return

Question 70

In Neisser and Becklen's study, participants saw a video showing two different action scenes (a basketball game and a hand-slapping game) with one presented above the other. The results indicated that participants

Answer 70

could only attend to one visual scene at a time.

Question 71

A person whose speech mechanisms are isolated from the rest of the brain would show which of the following symptoms?

Answer 71

An inability to produce meaningful speech

Question 72

Following severe brain damage, Paris cannot speak voluntarily or understand others who are talking to him. However, he can sometimes repeat words said to him and can complete poems that he knows. He has a condition known as

Answer 72

isolation aphasia.

Question 73

Severing the corpus callosum is a surgical procedure that is sometimes used to treat people with

Answer 73

epilepsy.

Question 74

Once the corpus callosum is severed, the two cerebral hemispheres

Answer 74

function independently.

Question 75

The essential factor in hypnotizing a susceptible person is that she or he be

Answer 75

aware that he or she is going to be hypnotized.

Question 76

The willingness to conform to a hypnotist's instructions is an example of

Answer 76

suggestibility.

Question 77

While in a hypnotic state, Arnold was told by the hypnotist that, although he would not remember these instructions, when he was in a normal state again, he would sing the song "Feelings" every time someone asked him how he was. The hypnotist woke him from the trance and asked him how he was feeling. Arnold broke into song looking rather puzzled by what he had done. This is an example of posthypnotic

Answer 77

suggestion and amnesia.

Question 78

Research by Miller and colleagues using the Ponzo illusion indicates that the changes in perception, behavior, and thinking that are induced by hypnosis are actually changes in the hypnotized person's

Answer 78

verbal reports.

Question 79

During stage 4 sleep, EEG recordings of the brain's electrical activity generally show __________ activity.

Answer 79

delta

Question 80

During periods of relaxation, EEG recordings of the brain's electrical activity generally show __________ activity.

Answer 80

alpha

Question 81

As the night goes on, periods of REM sleep __________ and episodes of slow-wave sleep __________.

Answer 81

get longer; get shorter

Question 82

During a night's sleep, how many cycles of REM sleep will a person typically experience?

Answer 82

4 or 5

Question 83

Kristoff has spent the day taking exams. The effect on his sleeping patterns that night should be

Answer 83

an increase in stage 4 sleep.

Question 84

Dreams that involve static situations (as opposed to narratives) that are often frightening occur mainly during __________ sleep.

Answer 84

slow-wave

Question 85

Research on REM sleep deprivation in animals indicates that REM sleep

Answer 85

may play a role in the learning of complex tasks.

Question 86

A _________ is a daily cycle involving changes in behavior and physiological processes.

Answer 86

circadian rhythm

Question 87

The case of the man who could not recognize common objects by sight suggests that consciousness

Answer 87

is synonymous with the ability to talk about perceptions and memories.

Question 88

__________ is to alertness as __________ is to stage 4 sleep.

Answer 88

Beta activity; delta activity

Question 89

You agree to participate in a psychological experiment. You put on a helmet that feeds visual input to you from about 2 meters behind you. What is the research most likely trying to study?

Answer 89

Out-of-body experience (OBE)

Question 90

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding sleep's effects on memory?

Answer 90

REM sleep facilitates nondeclarative consolidation.

Question 91

Bonus Question: 20 Digit Number | Years of Great American Wars

Answer 91

17761812186119171941

Question 92

When are declarative and nondeclarative memories formed?

Answer 92

During slow wave and REM sleep respectively

Question 93

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding sleep's effects on memory?

Answer 93

REM sleep facilitates nondeclarative consolidation.