Chapter 7,8,9

Question 0

Autotroph

Answer 0

Organism that uses inorganic CO2 as it’s carbon source.

“Feeds by itself”

Question 1

Heterotroph

Answer 1

An organism that must obtain it carbon in organic form.

Uses proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.

Question 2

What is the key structure and metabolism of all life forms?

Answer 2

Carbon.

Question 3

Saprobes

Answer 3

A type of chemoheterotrophic microorganism.

Free living microorganism that feeds primarily on organic detritus from dead organisms.

Question 4

Parasites

Answer 4

Ordinarily derive nutrients from the cells or tissue of a host.

Question 5

Lithoautotroph

Answer 5

A microbe which derives energy from reduced compounds of mineral origin.

Aka chemolithoautotroph.

Question 6

Phototrophs

Answer 6

An organism that uses light as an energy source.

Example: algae, plants, Cyanobacteria

Question 7

Facilitated diffusion

Answer 7

Passive transport mechanism that utilizes a carrier cell in the membrane that will bind to a specific protein.

This binding allows the protein to cross the membrane.

Question 8

Diffusion

Answer 8

Net move my of molecules down their concentration action gradient by random thermal motion.

Question 9

Active Transport

Answer 9

Uses ATP

Transport of nutrients against the diffusion gradient or with the gradient but at a much faster rate.

Examples: monosaccharides and metal ions

Question 10

Osmosis

Answer 10

Diffusion if water through a semipermeable membrane.

Question 11

Endocytosis

Answer 11

Carries the cells that don’t pass physically through the membrane.

“Eating and drinking of cells”

Question 12

Aerobe

Answer 12

Can use gaseous oxygen in its metabolism and processes the enzymes needed to process toxic oxygen products.

Question 13

Obligate aerobe

Answer 13

Can’t grow without oxygen

Question 14

Anaerobe

Answer 14

Lacks the metabolic enzyme systems for using oxygen gas in respiration.

Question 15

Facultative Anaerobe

Answer 15

Aerobe that doesn’t require oxygen for its metabolism and is capable of growth in its absents.

Question 16

Microaerophile

Answer 16

Doesn’t grow in normal atomism heroic concentrations if oxygen but requires a small amount of it in metabolism.

Question 17

Capnophile

Answer 17

Grow best at higher carbon dioxide tensions that are normally present in the atmosphere.

Question 18

Superoxide Dismutase

Answer 18

Superoxide ion is first converted to hydrogen peroxide and normal oxygen by this action of an enzyme

Question 19

Catalase

Answer 19

Hydrogen peroxide is degraded by this enzyme into water and oxygen.

Question 20

Phases of bacterial growth

Answer 20

Lag
Exponential growth
Stationary growth
Death

Question 21

Lag phase

Answer 21

Newly innocuous tend require a period of adjustment and synthesis of DNA, enzymes, and ribosomes.

Question 22

Exponential growth phase

Answer 22

Cells reach the maximum rate of cell division

This phase will continue as long as cells have adequate nutrients

Question 23

Stationary growth phase

Answer 23

The population enters a survival mode in which cells stop growing or grow slowly.

Question 24

Death phase

Answer 24

Cells begin to die at a rapid pace and most are unable to multiply

Question 25

Enzymes

Answer 25

Serves at catalysts for both catabolic and anabolic activities Increase the rate of a chemical reaction without becoming part of the products or being consumed by the reaction

Question 26

Catalase

Answer 26

Breaks down hydrogen peroxide

Question 27

Oxidase

Answer 27

Adds electrons to oxygen

Question 28

Hexokinase

Answer 28

Transfers phosphate to glucose

Question 29

Urease

Answer 29

Splits urea into an ammonium ion

Question 30

Nitrate Reductase

Answer 30

Reduces nitrate to nitrite

Question 31

DNA polymerase complex

Answer 31

Synthesis of DNA

Question 32

(Formation of ATP) | Oxidative phisphorylation

Answer 32

Redox reactions occurring during the final phase of the respiratory pathway

Question 33

(Formation of ATP) | Substrate-level phosphorylation

Answer 33

ATP is formed by transfer of a phosphate group from a phosphorylated compound directly to ADP

Question 34

(Formation of ATP) | Phosphosporylation

Answer 34

ATP is formed through a series of sunlight driven reactions

Question 35

Krebs cycle

Answer 35

Used in aerobic an anaerobic compounds Converts a citric acid formation into a oxaloacetic acid

Question 36

Glycolysis

Answer 36

An anaerobic pathway that converts glucose through several steps into pyruivic acid

Question 37

Electron transport chain

Answer 37

Te step that finalizes the transport process is the acceptance of electrons and hydrogen by oxygen, with the production of water

Question 38

(Enzyme control) | Competitive inhibition

Answer 38

Substance that resembles the normal substrate competes with the substrate for the active site

Question 39

(Enzyme control) | Non competitive inhibition

Answer 39

Enzymes are regulated by the binding of molecules other than the substrate away from the active site

Question 40

2 ways to manage a cell

Answer 40

Endergonic reaction- consume energy Exergonic reaction- release energy

Question 41

Fermentation

Answer 41

Incomplete oxidation of glucose or other carbohydrates on the absence of oxygen Formation of acid, gas, and other products

Question 42

Purine/pyrimudine

Answer 42

Nitrogen bases Attached by covalent bonds at the 1' position if the sugar

Question 43

6 steps of Replication

Answer 43

1) formation of a replication fork 2) template of a leading stand is oriented 3) lagging strand is replicated backwards 4) synthesis of strands 5) primers are removed 6) open spaces are filled

Question 44

Helicase

Answer 44

Unzips the DNA helix

Question 45

Primase

Answer 45

Synthesizing an RNA primer

Question 46

DNA polymerase III

Answer 46

Proof reading for mistakes

Question 47

DNA polymerase I

Answer 47

Removing RNA primer Closes gaps

Question 48

Ligase

Answer 48

Final binding

Question 49

Gyrase

Answer 49

Supercoiling

Question 50

DNA

Answer 50

Double stands Basic unit of DNA structure is a nucleotide

Question 51

RNA

Answer 51

Single stranded molecule made of nucleotides

Question 52

Codons

Answer 52

Found on DNA and RNA mRNA Determines the position of an amino acid in polypeptides

Question 53

Anti-codons

Answer 53

tRNA Helps in bringing a particular amino acid at its proper position during translation

Question 54

Transcription

Answer 54

Information stored on the DNA molecules RNA polymerase is responsible for this process Only one strand can be transcribed

Question 55

Inducible operons

Answer 55

Turned on by substrate

Question 56

Catabolic operon

Answer 56

Type of inducible operon Enzyme needed to metabolize a nutrient are produced when needed

Question 57

Repressible operon

Answer 57

Turned off by product synthesis

Question 58

Anabolic operon

Answer 58

Type of repressible operon Enzymes used to synthesize an amino acid stop from being produced when they're not needed

Question 59

Wild type mutation

Answer 59

"Original" THE BOG BAD DOG ATE THE FAT RED CAT

Question 60

Substitution mutations

Answer 60

Missense THE BIG RED DOG ATE THE FIT RED CAT Nonsense "stop codon" THE BIG BAD DOG (stop)

Question 61

Frameshift mutation

Answer 61

Insertion THE BIG BAB DDO GAT ETH EFA TRE DCA T Deletion THE BIG BDD OGA TET HEF ATR EDC AT

Question 62

Ames Test

Answer 62

Detects chemical with carcinogenic potential

Question 63

DNA recombinations

Answer 63

Event where one bacterium donates DNA to another bacterium is a type of genetic transfer termed this Results in a new strand different from donor an original