Chapter 7,8 and 9

Question 1

Flat bone

Answer 1

Ex
Cranial bones
-protect soft organs

Question 2

Long bones

Answer 2

Levers acted upon by muscles
Ex
Limbs

Question 3

Short bones

Answer 3

Glide across each other in multiple directions
Ex
Carpal and tarsals

Question 4

Irregular bones

Answer 4

Dont fit categories
Ex
Vertebrae

Question 5

What are the four bone shapes?

Answer 5

Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones

Question 6

Structure of long bone

Answer 6

Compact bone
Enclosed medullary cavity (marrow)
Spongy (cancellous) bone at the ends
Periosteum-outer layer made of collagen and inner osteogenic tissue

Question 7

Diaphysis

Answer 7

Shaft

Question 8

Epiphysis

Answer 8

Heads

Question 9

Structure of flat bone

Answer 9

Layer of cancellous bone between two layers of compact bone

Question 10

Osteoblasts

Answer 10

Bone forming cells

Mineralize organic matter of matrix

Question 11

Osteocytes

Answer 11

Bone depositing
Former osteoblasts that have become trapped in the matrix they deposited
Reside in lecunae connected by slendor channels called canaliculi

Question 12

Osteoclasts

Answer 12

Bone dissolving cells the eat holes from bone surface

Question 13

Compact bone

Haversian system

Answer 13

Basic structural unit of compact bone.

(Osteons) cylinders that form layers of lamellae around osteonic canal

Question 14

Volkmann canals

Answer 14

Perforating canals. Vascular perpendicularly joining central canals

Question 15

Spongy bone

Answer 15

Formed of plates of bone called trabecular. Spaces filled with red marrow.
Few osteons
Develope along lines of stress

Question 16

Red bone marrow

Answer 16

In long and spongy bone

Produce blood cells

Question 17

Yellow bone marrow

Answer 17

Fatty marrow of long bones in adults

Question 18

Inramembranous ossification

Answer 18

Condensation of mesenchyme into trabeculae
Osteoblast on trabeculae lay down osteoid tissue (uncalcified bone)
Calcium phosphate is deposited in the matrix forming bony trabeculae of spongy bone
Osteoclast create marrow cavity
Osteoblast form compact bone at surface
Surface of mesenchyme produces periosteum
Produces flat bones of skull and clavicle

Question 19

Endochondral ossification

Answer 19

Bone develops from Hyaline cartilage
Formation of primary ossification center of the marrow cavity and shaft of model
Bony collar developed by osteoblast
Chondrocytes swell and die
Stem cells give rise to osteoblasts and clasts
Become lay down and marrow cavity created
Secondary forms in ends of bones by same process

Question 20

Five zones of cartilage

Answer 20

Zone of reserve cartilage
Zone of cell proliferation
Zone of cell hypertrophy
Zone of Calcification
Zone of bone deposition

Question 21

Zone of reserve cartilage

Answer 21

Hyaline Cartilage

Question 22

Zone of proliferation

Answer 22

Chondrocytes multiply forming columns of flat lacunae

Question 23

Zone of hypertropy

Answer 23

Cell enlargement

Question 24

Zone of calcificaction

Answer 24

Mineralization of matrix

Question 25

Zone of bone deposition

Answer 25

Osteons formed and spongy bone created

Question 26

Why are calcium and phosphate so important?

Answer 26

Phosphate is component of dna, rna, atp, phospholipids, and ph buffers Calcium needed in neurons, muscle contraction, blood clotting and exocytosis

Question 27

Hypocalcemia

Answer 27

Causes excitability of nervous system if too low (tetany) Muscle spasms, tremors Laryngospasm and suffocation With less calcium sodium channels open more easily sodium enter cell and excites neuron

Question 28

Hypercalcemia

Answer 28

Binding to cell surface make sodium channels less likely to open depressing nervous system

Question 29

Calcitriol

Answer 29

A hormone that raises blood calcium concentration

Question 30

Calcitonin

Answer 30

Used during Hypercalcemia Secreted by the thyroid gland Reduces osteoclast activity Increases the activity of osteoblast

Question 31

Parathyroid hormone

Answer 31

Use during hypocalcemia Increases osteoclast Promotes calcium resorption of by the kidneys Promotes calcitriol synthesis in kidneys Inhibits collagen synthesis and bone deposition by osteoblast

Question 32

Diplaced

Answer 32

One piece is shifted out of alignment with the other

Question 33

Greenstick

Answer 33

Bone is incompletely broken on one side but merely bent on opposite side

Question 34

Comminuted

Answer 34

Bone is broken into three or more pieces

Question 35

Linear

Answer 35

Crack vertically

Question 36

Transverse

Answer 36

Horizontal crack bone remains in alignment

Question 37

Oblique

Answer 37

Nondisplaced cracked slanted sideways

Question 38

Spiral

Answer 38

Cork screw twist

Question 39

Colles

Answer 39

Fracture in the radius of the forearm

Question 40

Poll

Answer 40

Ankle fracture

Question 41

Stages of healing fracture

Answer 41

Formation of hematoma and granulation tissue Formation of soft Callus Conversion to hard Callus Remodeling

Question 42

Formation of hematoma granulation tissue

Answer 42

Clot forms then osteogenic cells form granulation tissue

Question 43

Formation of soft callus

Answer 43

Fibroblasts produce fibers and fibrocartilage

Question 44

Conversion to hard callus

Answer 44

Osteoblast produce a bony collar in six weeks

Question 45

Remodeling

Answer 45

Spongy bone replaced by compact bone

Question 46

Osteoporosis

Answer 46

Decrease in bone density. Older white women are most susceptible

Question 47

3 types of joints

Answer 47

Bony Fibrous Cartilaginous

Question 48

Fibrous | Synarthrosis

Answer 48

Collagen fibers spend the space between | Sutures, gomphoses and syndesmoses

Question 49

Cartilaginous joint | Amphiarthrosis

Answer 49

Bones are joined by hyaline cartilage | Rib attachment to sternum

Question 50

Bony | Synostosis

Answer 50

Gap between two bones ossifies

Question 51

Anthrology

Answer 51

Study of the joints

Question 52

Kinesiololgy

Answer 52

Study of the Musculoskeletal movement

Question 53

Diarthrosis

Answer 53

Freely movable

Question 54

Amphiarthrosis

Answer 54

Slightly movable

Question 55

Synarthrosis

Answer 55

Little or no movement

Question 56

Synovial joint | Diarthrosis

Answer 56

Joint which two bones are separated by space called a joint cavity Articular capsule encloses joint cavity (hyaline cartilage)

Question 57

Range of motion

Answer 57

Flexibility- degrees through which the joint can move Determined by Structure of articular surfaces of bones Strengthen tautness of ligaments and joint capsules Action of muscles and tendons

Question 58

Types of synovial joints

Answer 58

``` Ball and socket Condylar (ellipsoid) Saddle Plane (gliding) Hinge Pivot ```

Question 59

Flexion

Answer 59

Sagittal movement | Curling bicep

Question 60

Extension

Answer 60

Pointing hand outward

Question 61

Hyperextension

Answer 61

Beyond zero position

Question 62

Abduction

Answer 62

Movement in frontal plane | Jumping jacks

Question 63

Adduction

Answer 63

Moving back from abduction

Question 64

Hyperadducted

Answer 64

Ankles or fingers crossed

Question 65

Hyperabduct

Answer 65

Arm raised crossed back of head

Question 66

Elevation

Answer 66

Raises part of the body vertically in the frontal plane

Question 67

Depression

Answer 67

Lowers part of the body vertically in the frontal plane

Question 68

Protraction

Answer 68

Movements in the transverse horizontal plane

Question 69

Rotation

Answer 69

Bone spends on longitudinal line

Question 70

Retraction

Answer 70

Shoulders back

Question 71

Circumduction

Answer 71

One end of the appendage remains fairly stationary while the other and makes a circular motion

Question 72

Medial internal rotation

Answer 72

The shoulder stretch thing inward

Question 73

Lateral X ternal rotation

Answer 73

Shoulder stretch thing outward

Question 74

Supination

Answer 74

Turns out Ward

Question 75

Pronation

Answer 75

Turns inward

Question 76

Lateral flexion

Answer 76

Tilting to the side

Question 77

Right rotation of left

Answer 77

Turning body