Chapter 7-9 Flashcards by Simone Quandt

A tornado is an example of_______circulation

Microscale

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A land sea breeze is an example of _________ circulation

Mesoscale

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The jetstream is an example of________circulation

Macroscale

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The deflection of air flow due to Coriolis force coupled with_________ creates most of the surface wind patterns over the earth surface

Global circulation

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The three cells that circulate in the northern hemisphere or, in order, from the equator to the North pole

a.Hadley cell
b.Farrell cell
C.polar cell

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The general circulation of the Hadley cell produces wind known as the________

North easterly Tradewinds

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In the northern hemisphere, at the southern end of the polar and Hadley cell circulation, The air ____ while at the northern end of the ferrel cell circulation, the air _____

Rises, Rises

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ITCZ is an acronym for

Intertropical convergence zone

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The sub tropical latitudes -30° north and south are areas where the cells closest to the ________ and cells just above 30° _______ and ______Will have descending air circulation

Equator
North
South

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The Monsoon circulation is a _________circulation and is generally 5000 ______

Macroscale , nautical miles

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Global circulation is a combination of ________ and ________ circulations

General and monsoon

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The primary source of energy for the development of hurricanes is ________ and _______

Heat and moisture at the ITCZ

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The letter L indicates an area of ____ pressure and the letter H indicates an area of _____Pressure

Low and high

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In the northern hemisphere, the circulation toward a center of low pressure is_________ while the circulation around a center of high pressure is __________

Counterclockwise and clockwise

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The three high pressure areas that dominate most of the US weather patterns are the north American high, The pacific high, and the high-pressure center in the Atlantic called the________

Bermuda high

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Globally, excluding the low pressures of the Icelandic and Aleutian Lows, the greatest region of the low pressure is generally over the _______

ITCZ

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The jetstream is a fast-moving current of air that runs along the boundary area between_______ masses to the north and______Masses to the south

Cold air and warm air

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The jetstream usually occurs at altitudes from approximately_________ to approximately_______(altitudes)

24,000 feet.MSL and 50,000 feet.MSL

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There are sometimes to jet streams, one will be along the_____ Front, the other Will be very near the_______ at about________North latitude

Polar, equator, 25°C-30°C

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Most of the precipitation in the world occurs due to the convergence of moist air masses and lifting caused by
A.
B.
C.

A.orographic lifting
B.frontal lifting
C.convective lifting

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One of the areas most affected by excessive precipitation due to orographic lifting is _______india , near the ________ of the ______where rain falls exceeds ___ inches of rain each year

Cherrapunji
Southern edge
Himalayas
1000

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Inter-annual variations in weather or due to
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

A.changes in ocean water temperature
B.long term oscillations in equatorial winds
C.fluctuations in solar output
D.interception of solar radiation from plumes of volcanic ash
E. Variation in Earth’s tilt (22°C-24.5°C)

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El Niño ~ is an example of ________

Inter-annual variation

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Extra tropical cyclones are _________ on a microscale level.

Low-pressure disturbances

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Extra tropical cyclones draw ______ from temperature_______across the polar front.

Energy, differences

Extra tropical cyclones are also known as ______Lows and frontal _______

Frontal, cyclones

Areas of low pressure have lifespans of only a few ______ and are generally much smaller then macroscale circulations

Days

Air mass source regions are the places where_________ are________ and winds are ______

Surface conditions Homogenous Light

Source region categories are A.____B._____C.____ And if formed over land are called _____ Or, if over oceans, are called ______

A. Arctic B. Polar C. Tropical Continental, maritime

The upper Air Portion of the _____ front deals with associated development such as _______, ridges , troposphere and jet

Polar Troughs Streams

The current model, the_____ Front model for predicting weather was developed in the 1910-1920s

Polar

An air mass as uniform _______characteristics

Temperature

Air masses are also identified by relative ______and moisture______

Temperatures and characteristics

A front is a ______between two air masses

Difference

Stable air masses tend to have these characteristics A.(wind)________ B.(clouds)________ C.(visibility)______

A.light to none B. Status C. Poor

``` The four types of fronts are A. B. C. D. ```

A. Cold front B. Warm front C. Stationary front D. occluded front

The boundary region of advancing Air mass is called the frontal

Zone

``` The four stages of the wave frontal development that occur in the polar model are, in order A. B. C. D. ```

A. Pre-development stage B. Incipient stage C. Occluded stage D. Dissipating stage

Regardless of the type of front, when the front moves, cold air will force____, _____ air aloft

Warm, moist

Usually, compared to a warm front frontal zone, The slope of a cold front frontal zone will be_____

Steeper

The width of a surface frontal zone can vary from_____ up to ____

.5 NM up to 100 NM

Weather has her it's common to frontal zones are ______and ____

Turbulence and windshear

Extra tropical cyclone development occurs because there is an ______of solar energy at the ____and A _______at the polls which cause a temperature gradient that is concentrated in the ______front

Excess, equator, deficit, polar

The difference in temperature creates frontal cyclones that produce hazards such as A. B. C.

A. Clear air turbulence B. Icing C. Windshear

Knowing where Fronts are allows the smart aviator to avoid ______and take it advantage of favorable______

Problem areas and winds

Climatology plays an important role in frontal zone development such as in the winter when_______ our next to Cold continents, such as in the north American continent in the areas off US_______,______

Warm oceans | East coast, golf of Mexico

Another factor that produces low pressure areas is cyclogenesis which can occur in the areas east of the ______mountains

Rocky

wave cyclones describe weather patterns that initially start as straight lines of equal pressure but due to pressure and wind distort into pressure patterns that resemble _______

Cyclones

As the weight cyclone develops, the entire Hermas will usually move _____at a speed of ___to ___kn

Northeast, 15 to 25 kn

As a result of the wave pattern, there will be two areas of cold air that sandwich and area of warm air which is called the ____

Warm sector

Wind patterns near cyclonic waves often have a windshear. A windshear is a _________________ over a_____.

Change in windspeed/direction. Distance

A cyclonic windshear occurs across an area of ____pressure. An anti-cyclonic Windshear occurs across an area of _____pressure

Low, high

Sometimes you may be able to see the wind shear by observing cloud movements. Typically, you may see low altitude clouds moving from the _____ and middle and upper clouds moving from the_____

Northwest and southwest

The approach of a warm front often can be seen in the progression of clouds in cloud types: the order of clouds are: A. C. B. D. E.

``` A. Cirrus (CI) B. Cirrostratus (CS) C. Altostratus (AS) D. Nimbostratus (NS) E. Stratus (ST) ```

Along with the clouds, warm fronts usually will have three common weather features A. B. C.

A.Fog B.Poor visibility C.continuous precipitation

As the low defense, the trailing cold air mass will accelerate and make the front become and_____(where the two cold air components join and push the warm air aloft)

Occluded front

``` The five stages of a frontal wave cyclone are: A. B. C. D. E. ```

``` A.pre-development stage B.incipient (wave cyclone) stage C. Deepening stage D. Occluded stage, and the E. Dissipating stage ```

A low-pressure system in the upper atmosphere is called a_____

Trough

An occluded low at the surface usually corresponds with a _____aloft

Closed low

The greatest winds around an extratropical cyclone occur _____ near the tropopause. these winds are called the ______

A loft and jet streak

In the troposphere, the polar front jetstream is on the edge of the _________, and looking downstream, the coldest air will be on the ______

Coldest air, left

Cloud formations along extratropical cyclones occur due to rising air along fronts and due to _____winds around cyclones.

Converging

When sufficient moisture is present, clouds will form due to___________ in stable air masses and_________ and_______ in unstable air masses

Contact cooling, service heating, convection

The types of clouds normally associated with a cold front are__________ and______clouds, while the types of clouds associated with a warm front are a. ___b.____c._____d.____

``` Cumulous, cumulonimbus A.nimbostratus(NS) B.altostratus(AS) C.cumulostratus(CS), And occasionally, in overrunning warm fronts you may also encounter D.Low visibility ```

Warm fronts normally produce _____precipitation, precipitation induced, ____and ____clouds

Steady, fog, stratiform

Cold fronts normally produce _______precipitation and ________ clouds

Showery, cumuliform

A tropical cyclone is a ________cyclone circulation which, in the most intense form, becomes a________

Mesoscale, hurricane

Hurricanes are noted for three characteristics: A. B. C.

A. Strong convection B. Exceptionally strong winds C. Torrential rains

The evolution of hurricanes occur in stages as a measure of wind speed, the first stage is called a tropical disturbance.the next three stages are: A. _____ b._____ c._____

A.tropical depression B. Tropical storm, and finally a C.Hurricane

The minimum speed of a category one hurricane is, _____the minimum speed of a category five hurricane is _______

64 kn, 135 kn

The center of the hurricane is called the ___and the clouds immediately adjacent to the _____are called the ______clouds

Eye, eye, wall

The structure of the hurricane is, from that I outward, a series of spiral band also called ______Interspersed with wall clouds. The air moves _____ in the area of spiral bands and _______between spiral bands.

Rain bands, upward, downward

Winds at the very top of a hurricane flow ______

Outward

In addition to high winds and excessive precipitation, along coastal regions hurricanes cause the greatest damage due to the _____ surge

Storm

The region of strongest winds around a hurricane (in the northern hemisphere) are in the _______quadrant of the storm system.

Right front

Weather warnings about hurricanes are time based. A hurricane watch is issued when a hurricane is more than _____ away (time), and a hurricane warning is issued when a hurricane is less then ______away (time)

1day , 24 hours

Thunderstorms form as a result of dry _____

Convection

The conditions that create a thunderstorm are called_______, which describes the condition when_____

Super adiabatic, | LR> 3°C/1000'

A very small disturbance similar to a thunderstorm, but smaller in scale, is a_____. A classic example ___of a is a world wind or dust devil, ___________

Thermal, thermal, wind speed = 20-50knots

A dust devil is __ to ___ in diameter, May last as long as __minutes and may rise up to _____ft. ____ in altitude

5 to 100ft , 300ft , AGL

``` Terrain favorable to creating dust Devils are A. B. C. D. ```

A.dry fields B.parking lot C.runways D paved roads

``` Terrain unfavorable to creating dust Devils are A. B. C. D. ```

A. Forested areas B. Cool bodies of water C. Irrigated fields D. Ground dampened by rain

Hey definition of a thunderstorm is a ____ storm produced by a ______ cloud always accompanied by _____ and _____

Local, Cumulonimbus, lightning, thunder

The two types of thunderstorms her ordinary or ______thunderstorm and the ____ thunderstorm. The difference is in the severity of the ______ each type of thunderstorm produces

Air mass , severe, weather

``` Thunderstorms produce the weather hazards A. B. C. D. E. F. G. ```

``` A. Wind gusts of 50kn + B.hail 3/4" or more C.lightning D.precipitation induced downdraft E. Tornadoes F. Updrafts G. Windshear ```

Normally an air mass or single-cell thunderstorm will Last ______ while a super cell thunderstorm will last for _______

One hour or less, 2 hours+

The three stages of a thunderstorm, and the horizontal distances are A. B. C.

A. Cumulous stage 3-5 mi B. mature stage 5-10mi C. Dissipating stage 5-7mi

Most of the air movement upward occurs in the____stage and clouds can reach heights in excess of______in ___minutes

Cumulous, 20,000ft 15 mins

During this ___stage, air is moving up and down in vertical circulations of increasing intensity where the downward moving air reaches maximum speed at the ___of the thunderstorm while the upward moving air reaches maximum speed at the ___of the thunderstorm

Mature, base,top

The indication that a thunderstorm has reached the mature stage is when ______begins to fall on the base of the clouds

Precipitation

Thunderstorms reach greatest intensity during the _____ stage

Mature

Most of the precipitation of thunderstorm occurs in the ______ stage and most of the air movement is_______

Dissipating, downward

A rough estimate of the movement of a thunderstorm is the measuring of ____foot winds (700mb)

10,000

A particular hazard of thunderstorms is the front ____ front ( sometimes called the first gust)

Gust

The two largest thunderstorms are the multi _____and the _____cell thunderstorms

Cell and super

The most common places where______ occur are in the great plains in particularly in the states of _____,____, and ____.

Super cells, Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas

Tornadoes are _____________found below _________

Violently rotating columns of air, cumulonimbus clouds

Tornadoes are rated using the _________that scale which is a measure of _____

Enhanced Fujita, wind speed

The minimum f-category Wind speed is ____knots, the maximum f-category wind speed is over ____ knots

57, over 174

A tornado over water is called _______

Water spout

Hail is created when water freezes and then repeatedly _____and ____and grows larger through ______ during cycle until falling out of the cloud

Rises, falls, accretion

The size of a hailstone depends on how strong the ______wind is

Vertical

He'll can be formed from both _____and ____ice

Rain and snow

Lightning is __________

The visible electric charge produced by a thunderstorm

Each lightning strike has a voltage of up to _______ volts

1,000,000v/meter

You can estimate distance from your position to the position of the lightning strike by counting ______because sound moves at ___seconds per mile

Seconds, 5

The three levels of circulation scale in order or size, smallest to largest, and are in size roughly:

A. Microscale 0.1-1 nm B. Mesoscale 1-1000nm C. Macroscale 1,000-10,000 nm